前亞當假說
前亞當假說（Pre-Adamite hypothesis），或作前亞當主義（Pre-adamism）是神學或宗教學上的一個信仰，認為早在《聖經》人物亞當出現以前，人類就已存在，有一个「前亚当世界」存在过。這個假設與《聖經》聲稱亞當是世上第一個人類相違背，所以也有一些基督教會（例如：香港的錫安教會）的信眾認為這些「類人生物」的智慧未足以被稱為「人類」。前亞當主義因此跟傳統的猶太教、基督宗教及伊斯蘭教相異之處，在於他們不認為亞當是這世上的第一個人。
歷史
有關人類起源的最早期辯論發生於公元170年，當時安条克的狄奥菲鲁斯與埃及省的一位異教徒埃及人阿波羅辯論，到底這個世界有如《聖經》所言只有數千年歷史，還是如異教信仰所指，有153,075年歷史。[1]:26
當代非種族主義的前亞當主義可以追溯到神秘主義者帕紹·貝弗利·蘭多夫。帕紹相信前亞當主義，並在1863年以格里芬·李的名義撰寫了《前亞當人：在10萬年前的地球展示人類族群的存在！》。這本書是對前亞當主義的獨特貢獻，因為它不僅僅基於聖經理由。蘭多夫參考來自許多不同地區的各種資料撰寫他的書。在這本書中，帕紹聲稱亞當不是第一個男人，並且在35,000到100,000年前，全球各大陸都有前亞當人的存在。他的書不同於其他前亞當派作家的著作，因為蘭多夫聲稱前亞當人是文明人，而其他前亞當派作家則認為前亞當人是野獸或原始人。[2][1]:27-28,125
參看
註釋
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Popkin, Richard Henry. Isaac La Peyrère (1596-1676): His Life, Work, and Influence. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Publishers. 1987 [February 25, 2021]. ISBN 90-04-08157-7. （原始内容存档于2022-10-06）.
- ^ Paschal Beverly Randolph, Pre-Adamite man: demonstrating the existence of the human race upon the earth 100,000 thousand years ago!, 1863
參考書目
- Duncan, Isabella (1860). Pre-Adamite man : or, the story of our old planet & its inhabitants, told by Scripture & science.. London : Saunders, Otley, and Co. (Originally published anonymously, but known subsequently that the author was the wife of George John C. Duncan, the son of Henry Duncan.)
- Flood, Gavin (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-21535-2
- Frederickson, George M. (1987). The Black Image in the White Mind. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6188-6
- Graves, Joseph L. (2003). The Emperor's New Clothes: Biological Theories of Race at the Millennium. Newark, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3302-3
- Haynes, Stephen R. (2002). Noah's Curse: The Biblical Justification of American Slavery. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514279-9
- Harvey, Paul (2005). Freedom's Coming : Religious Culture and the Shaping of the South from the Civil War through the Civil Rights Era. UNC Press. ISBN 0-8078-2901-3
- Livingstone, David N. (2008). Adam’s ancestors : race, religion, and the politics of human origins. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8813-7.
- Livingstone, David N. Adam's Ancestors: Race, Religion, and the Politics of Human Origins. JHU Press. 1 March 2011. ISBN 978-1-4214-0143-0.
- Popkin, Richard Henry. Isaac La Peyrère (1596-1676): His Life, Work, and Influence. BRILL. 1987. ISBN 90-04-08157-7.
- Popkin, Richard Henry (1992). Third Force in Seventeenth-Century Thought. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-09324-9
- Smith, Christian (2003). The Secular Revolution. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23000-0
- Swain, Carol M. (2002). The New White Nationalism in America: Its Challenge to Integration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80886-3
- Almond, Philip C. (1999). Adam and Eve in Seventeenth-Century Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66076-9
- Barkun, Michael (1996). Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement. UNC Press. ISBN 0-8078-4638-4
外部連結
- A.J. Maas, "Preadamites" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Catholic Encyclopedia (1911)：天主教會的觀點。
- "Neanderthal Man: Pre-Adamite, Co-Adamite, or Adamite?" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 29 Creation Research Society Quarterly (Mar. 1993)：基督新教創造論的觀點。
- 休·尼布理, "Before Adam", Provo, Utah: Maxwell Institute : Latter-day Saint view