国际商品编码

国际商品编码(英語:International Article Number),即欧洲商品编码European Article Number,EAN),原来只是欧洲范围内商品代碼,而现在已是全球范围内产品交易的商品代码。为了适应读码器辨认的需要,这些代码又做成大家熟知的条形码

EAN-13條碼範例

另外,日本於1978年在EAN的基礎上開發出日本商品條碼(Japanese Article Number,JAN)。

代码组成及其意义

【EAN有8位数字和13位数字之分】
13位的组成是这样的:
  • 国家代码(前3位)[1]
  • 生产商代码(后4位)

国家代码和生产商代码由EAN各国总部具体发放和管理

  • 货品代码(再5位)

这5位代码由厂商自行设定

  • 计算机校验码(最后1位)

8位的EAN是专门为小商品设置的代码,所以其组成部分和13位EAN是不同的。

8位的组成是这样的:
  • 国家代码(前3位)
  • 生产商代码(后2位)

国家代码和生产商代码由EAN各国总部具体发放和管理

  • 货品代码(再2位)

这2位代码由厂商自行设定

  • 计算机校验码(最后1位)

會員國列表

國家代碼只能代表包裝該項商品的廠商所在國家(地区),並無法表示出原始生產地。未在下表出現的數字,乃是針對未來使用而保留。

EAN的背景

早年

美国依據1970年IBM乔治·劳雷尔所開發12位数字的通用产品代码(Universal Product Code,縮寫「UPC」),在1973年制定为标准,後來重新改劃為「UPC-A」[2][3][4]。一年之后,为了和美国能协调一致欧洲也指定了一套类似的货品代码体系。1977年建立了欧洲货品协会European Article Association,其组织成员覆盖了全球98个国家。为了综合美国和欧洲的产品代码,设在美国的“均匀码理事会”(Uniform Code Council, UCC)把现今使用的EAN称为EAN·UCC。

更名

1981年,EAN已發展為國際性組織,改名為國際商品編碼協會。

現在

2005年EAN正式更名為GS1(Global Standard One)。 2005年1月1日起北美洲实行EAN-13的货品代码。

EAN-13 代码

在条形码中的应用

一位数字由两条明线和两条暗线来定义。

四条线段以最细的一条为标准,分别有一倍、两倍、三倍、四倍四种粗细。

同时一位数字的四条线段加起来的粗度正好是标准线段(最细线段)的七倍。

编碼的组成

 
EAN-13條碼分3類:L、G、R
 
L碼
 
G碼
 
R碼
已隱藏部分未翻譯内容,歡迎參與翻譯

要编码一个13位数字,需要先把这些数字分为3部分:第一个数字,开始6个数字和后6个数字。开始的6个数字有两种编码模式,even模式(标识为G)和odd模式(标识为L)。第一个数字不会直接用G或L模式编码,但决定了开始6数字是用G模式还是L模式。后6个数字都会用RRRRRR模式来编码。 To encode the 13-digit EAN-13 number, the digits are split into 3 groups; the first digit, the first group of 6 and the last group of 6. The first group of 6 is encoded using a pattern whereby each digit has two possible encodings, one of which has even parity (denoted with letter G) and one of which has odd parity (denoted with letter L). The first digit is not represented directly by a pattern of bars and spaces, but is encoded indirectly, by selecting a pattern of choices between these two encodings for the first group of 6 digits, according to the table below. All digits in the last group of 6 digits are encoded using a single pattern RRRRRR, the one also used for UPC.

比如第一个数字为0,那么前6个数字全部使用LLLLLL模式来编码。UPC条码可以理解为一个0开头的EAN13条码。 If the first digit is zero, all digits in the first group of 6 are encoded using the pattern LLLLLL used for UPC, therefore, a UPC barcode is also an EAN-13 barcode with the first digit set to zero.

Structure of EAN-13
First digit First group of 6 digits Last group of 6 digits
0 LLLLLL RRRRRR
1 LLGLGG RRRRRR
2 LLGGLG RRRRRR
3 LLGGGL RRRRRR
4 LGLLGG RRRRRR
5 LGGLLG RRRRRR
6 LGGGLL RRRRRR
7 LGLGLG RRRRRR
8 LGLGGL RRRRRR
9 LGGLGL RRRRRR

This encoding guarantees that the first group always starts with an L-code, which has odd parity, and that the second group always starts with an R-code, which has even parity. Thus, it does not matter whether the barcode is scanned from the left or from the right, as the scanning software can use this parity to identify the start and end of the code.

EAN-8 barcodes encode all digits directly, using this scheme:

Structure of EAN-8
First group of 4 digits Last group of 4 digits
LLLL RRRR
Encoding of the digits
Digit L-code G-code R-code
0 0001101 0100111 1110010
1 0011001 0110011 1100110
2 0010011 0011011 1101100
3 0111101 0100001 1000010
4 0100011 0011101 1011100
5 0110001 0111001 1001110
6 0101111 0000101 1010000
7 0111011 0010001 1000100
8 0110111 0001001 1001000
9 0001011 0010111 1110100

Note: Entries in the R-column are bitwise complements (logical operator: negation) of the respective entries in the L-column. Entries in the G-column are the entries in the R-column in reverse bit order. See pictures of all codes against a colored background.

A run of one or more black areas is known as a "bar", and a run of one or more white areas is known as a "space". As can be seen in the table, each digit's encoding comprises two bars and two spaces, and the maximum width of a bar or space is four areas.

校驗碼的計算方法

  1. 例子:假設某國際商品條碼的前 12 位是:490-8569-21968
  2. 計算加權和: 
  3. 校驗碼即為加權和除以 10 的餘數 

所以,範例的校驗碼是 9,完整的國際商品條碼為 490-8569-21968-9

外部連結

參考來源

註釋
  1. ^ 979-0特意留空,給予國際標準音樂出版物編碼(ISMN)使用。
引用
  1. ^ Prefix List, GS1, [2017-01-03], (原始内容存档于2014-12-28) .
  2. ^ Alumni Hall of Fame Members. University of Maryland Alumni Association. The University of Maryland. 2005 [2009-06-10]. (原始内容存档于2007-06-23). After graduating from Maryland in 1951, George Laurer joined IBM as a junior engineer and worked up the ranks to senior engineer. In 1969, he returned to the technical side of engineering and was later assigned the monumental task of designing a code and symbol for product identification for the Uniform Grocery Product Code Council. His solution — the Universal Product Code — radically changed the retail world. Since then, he has enhanced the code by adding a 13th digit. Laurer retired from IBM in 1987. He holds some 25 patents and is a member of the university’s A. James Clark School of Engineering Hall of Fame. 
  3. ^ 商品條碼發起人Alan Haberman與世長辭. Unwire.hk. 2011年6月17日 (2011-06-17) [2017-01-03]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-04). 
  4. ^ MARGALIT FOX. 现代条形码发明者伍德兰去世. 纽约时报中文网. 2012年12月17日 (2012-12-17) [2017-01-03]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-04).  ([//web.archive.org/web/20170104000906/http://cn.nytimes.com/obits/20121217/c17woodland-obit/zh-hant/ 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆(繁體中文)] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆