庚寅之劫

庚寅之劫，指1650年（清顺治七年，南明永曆四年，即中国农历庚寅年）11月24日到12月5日清朝軍队在广州的一次对平民大屠杀事件。死者約數萬，在8,000至70,000人之間。

过程

顺治六年（1649年），尚可喜獲满清册封为「平南王」，此后便受命带领清兵南征广东。次年二月，清军攻至广州城下，开始了长达十个月的围城攻坚^[1]。到了至十一月，当年公历11月24日，尚可喜与靖南王耿继茂指挥的清军（汉军镶蓝旗）在围困进攻近十个月后，经过艰难的战斗，包括筑垒相逼，以楼车攻城，及动用荷兰炮手，终于攻破广州城，随后对据城死守的广州居民进行了长达十天的大屠杀^[2]。

记载

《清史稿》卷二百三十四記載：「繼茂與可喜攻下廣州，怒其民力守，盡殲其丁壯。」
黄佛颐的《广州城坊志》引用清人方恒泰《橡坪詩話》的記載：“城前后左右四十里，尽行屠戮，死者六十余万人。相傳城中人士竄伏六脉渠約六七千人，適天雨，瀆溺幾盡，其所存僅二人，雙門底劉中山其一也。”“止有七人躲入大南门瓮城关帝庙神像腹中，得免诛戮。”^[3]
意大利传教士卫匡国在《韃靼戰紀》描述广州大屠杀：「大屠杀从11月24日一直进行到12月5日。他们不论男女老幼，一律残酷地杀死，他们不说别的，只说：『杀！杀死这些反叛的蛮子。』……最後，他們在12月6日發出佈告，宣佈封刀。除去攻城期間死掉之人以外，他們已經屠殺了十萬人。」^[4]
荷兰使臣约翰·纽霍夫在《An embassy from the East-India company》记述：「鞑靼全军入城之后，全城顿时是一片凄惨景象，每个士兵开始破坏，抢走—切可以到手的东西；妇女、儿童和老人哭声震天；从11月26日到12月15日，各处街道所听到的，全是拷打、杀戮反叛蛮子的声音；全城到处是哀号、屠杀、劫掠……在冬月的六日，总督及清军统帅下令，即日起不得再从事如此残酷的杀戮。我得到确切的消息，18天内，被鞑靼人残忍屠杀的，在八千人以上」。^[5]
罗一星（廈門大學博士，治明清經濟史）：「当时南明官兵被杀六千余人,而无辜死难的广民却达几万,这在广州历史上确实是空前的。“血洗十八甫”的传说,就是广民对这段悲惨历史的可怖回亿。」^[6]
「尸体在东门外焚烧了好幾天，直至19世纪，仍可看见一座积结成块的骨灰堆」。^[7]
顧誠《南明史》描述道：顺治七年尚可喜、耿继茂“再破广州，屠戮甚惨，居民几无噍类。浮屠真修曾受紫衣之赐，号紫衣僧者，募役购薪聚胔于东门外焚之，累骸烬成阜，行人于二三里外望如积雪。因筑大坎痤焉，表曰共冢。”番禺县人王鸣雷写了一篇声泪俱下的祭文，摘录一段以见当日情状： ..甲申更姓，七年讨殛。何辜生民，再遭六极。血溅天街，蝼蚁聚食。饥鸟啄肠，飞上城北。北风牛溲，堆积髑髅。或如宝塔，或如山邱。便房已朽，项门未枯。欲夺其妻，先杀其夫；男多于女，野火模糊。羸老就戮，少者为奴；老多于少，野火辘轳。五行共尽，无智无愚，无贵无贱，同为一区。.. 广东著名文人邝露就是在这次屠城中遇难的。^[8]

死亡統計

荷兰使臣约翰·纽霍夫在《An embassy from the East-India company》记述：「我得到确切的消息，18天内，被鞑靼人残忍屠杀的，在八千人以上」。^[5]

美國漢學家魏斐德在1985年著作《洪業——清朝開國史》指最多7萬人被殺。^[9]
意大利传教士卫匡国在《韃靼戰紀》指「十萬人」。^[4]Christopher Duffy在1979年著作《攻城戰：1494-1660年的堡壘》採納「十萬」一說。^[10]

罗一星（廈門大學博士，治明清經濟史）指出「广州屠城后不久，两县合共减少45,901人，这与死者几万的记载大致相符」（註：广州城分归南海和番禺管辖，南海縣崇禎15年114,351人，順治14年92,047人；番禺縣崇禎15年62,795人，順治14年39,208人；廣州大屠殺發生於順治7年）。^[6]

廣州日報記者金叶2008年寫道：“清顺治六年十月，满清大军抵达广州，围困城池长达10个月，最终攻下城池，平南王尚可喜率清军攻陷广州之后，屠城十日，尸横遍地。广州城当时人口大约40万，死难者约五分之一。”^[11]
同治《番禺县志》说“可喜等屠城,死者七十万人,民居遂空。”。广州市地方志编纂委员会《广州市志--宗教志》援引此說法，「清顺治七年(1650)，清军攻广州，死难70万人。在东郊乌龙冈，真修和尚雇人收拾尸骸，‘聚而殓之，埋其余烬’，合葬立碑。」^[12]「七十萬」說法一般未獲採納，例如罗一星（廈門大學博士，治明清經濟史）指出「当时广州究竟死难了多少人?据现有材料,有两说:[同治年間]《番禺县志》说“可喜等屠城,死者七十万人,民居遂空。”;亲厉其变的李一奇说:“人民死至几万”。“七十万人”之说显然不可信。因为明末广州府十三县人口总共才40万人。南、番两县人口合共才17万余人。广州一城何来“七十万人”?笔者认为“死至几万”的记载较为可靠。」^[6]

参考文献

^ 大海，《尚可喜与广州“庚寅之劫”》，《侨园》 , 2015 (4) :45-45。
^ 《广东通志》、《广州市志》
^ “庚寅之劫”——1650年广州大屠杀. 大洋网. 2010-07-13 [2020-08-11]. （原始内容存档于2010-11-30）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Martini, Martino. De bello Tartarico historia. Antwerpen. 1654: 178. （原始内容存档于2016-07-28）（拉丁语）. Eſt Quangcheu [...]. Altera verò die vrbem ſpoliare cæperunt, & ad quintam vſque Decembris deprædatio tenuit, in quâ infantes, mulieres, ac obuij omnes necabantur crudeliſsime; vnaq́ue audiebatur vox, Occide, Occide hos rebelles barbaros. Artificibus tantum aliquibus vita permiſſa eſt, ad conferuandas artes, & iis quos ad ſpolia portanda milites Tartari robuſtiores videbant. Sextâ demum die Decembris Regulus diploma publicauit, quo ſæuiri vltrà vetuit, poftquam ſupra centum millia hominum occiſaſunt, præter eos qui obſidionis tempore vario mortis genere prærepti ſuerant.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Nieuhof, Johannes. An embassy from the East-India company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham, emperour of China. : 39. （原始内容存档于2016-02-24）. The cry of Women, Children, and Aged People, was so great, that it exceeded all noise of such loud distractions ; so that from the 26 of November, until the 15 of December, there was heard no other cry in the Streets, but Strike, Kill, and Destroy the Rebellious Barbarians; all places full of woful Lamentations, of Murder, and Rapine: Those that were able to ransom, bought their lives at dear rates, and so escaped the hands of these Inhumane Slaughterers. At last the Viceroys, and chief Commanders of the Army, upon the sixth of Winter month, did strictly forbid any such cruel Murder to be committed hereafter: And I was credibly informed that during .the space of eighty days, above eight thousand were killed in cold blood by the Tartars. Others (amongst which the Jesuite Martinus is one, in his Book of the Tartar War) say there were slain above one hundred thousand, which is not altogether improbable, in regard of the great number there penn'd up.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 罗一星. 清初两藩肆虐广州考. 广州研究 (广州: 广州市社会科学研究所). 1984, (1): 57, 61. （原始内容存档于使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (帮助)）.
^ E. C. Bowra, “The Manchu Conquest of Canton” (Part One),. China Review, Vol. 1, pp. 86–96 (1872). As cited in Wakeman, Frederic E. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. 1985-01-01: 768. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. （原始内容存档于使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (帮助)）.
^ 《南明史》顧城，中國青年出版社，1997年，607－608頁
^ Wakeman, Frederic E. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. 1985: 768. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. （原始内容存档于使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (帮助)）. During the following ten days the city was pillaged, and as many as seventy thousand people were killed
^ Duffy, Christopher. Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660. Psychology Press. 1996 [1979]: 237 [2020-08-11]. ISBN 978-0-415-14649-4. （原始内容存档于2020-09-18）（英语）. They took Canton in 1650 after an eight-month siege, cutting down 100,000 of the citizens in the process, and they went on to capture the heroic stronghold of Kuei-lin. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^ 金叶. 海幢寺——结庐在人境岂无车马喧. 广州日报. 2008-02-03: B3. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05） –通过新疆哲学社会科学网(2010年3月3日).
^ 《满清血腥屠杀史:人头堆积如山丘人口骤减几千万》，中国经济网

参见

十八甫

[1] 大海，《尚可喜与广州“庚寅之劫”》，《侨园》 , 2015 (4) :45-45。

[2] 《广东通志》、《广州市志》

[dayoo-3] “庚寅之劫”——1650年广州大屠杀. 大洋网. 2010-07-13 [2020-08-11]. （原始内容存档于2010-11-30）.

[Martini-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Martini, Martino. De bello Tartarico historia. Antwerpen. 1654: 178. （原始内容存档于2016-07-28）（拉丁语）. Eſt Quangcheu [...]. Altera verò die vrbem ſpoliare cæperunt, & ad quintam vſque Decembris deprædatio tenuit, in quâ infantes, mulieres, ac obuij omnes necabantur crudeliſsime; vnaq́ue audiebatur vox, Occide, Occide hos rebelles barbaros. Artificibus tantum aliquibus vita permiſſa eſt, ad conferuandas artes, & iis quos ad ſpolia portanda milites Tartari robuſtiores videbant. Sextâ demum die Decembris Regulus diploma publicauit, quo ſæuiri vltrà vetuit, poftquam ſupra centum millia hominum occiſaſunt, præter eos qui obſidionis tempore vario mortis genere prærepti ſuerant.

[Nieuhof-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Nieuhof, Johannes. An embassy from the East-India company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham, emperour of China. : 39. （原始内容存档于2016-02-24）. The cry of Women, Children, and Aged People, was so great, that it exceeded all noise of such loud distractions ; so that from the 26 of November, until the 15 of December, there was heard no other cry in the Streets, but Strike, Kill, and Destroy the Rebellious Barbarians; all places full of woful Lamentations, of Murder, and Rapine: Those that were able to ransom, bought their lives at dear rates, and so escaped the hands of these Inhumane Slaughterers. At last the Viceroys, and chief Commanders of the Army, upon the sixth of Winter month, did strictly forbid any such cruel Murder to be committed hereafter: And I was credibly informed that during .the space of eighty days, above eight thousand were killed in cold blood by the Tartars. Others (amongst which the Jesuite Martinus is one, in his Book of the Tartar War) say there were slain above one hundred thousand, which is not altogether improbable, in regard of the great number there penn'd up.

[Luo1984-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 罗一星. 清初两藩肆虐广州考. 广州研究 (广州: 广州市社会科学研究所). 1984, (1): 57, 61. （原始内容存档于使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (帮助)）.

[7] E. C. Bowra, “The Manchu Conquest of Canton” (Part One),. China Review, Vol. 1, pp. 86–96 (1872). As cited in Wakeman, Frederic E. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. 1985-01-01: 768. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. （原始内容存档于使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (帮助)）.

[8] 《南明史》顧城，中國青年出版社，1997年，607－608頁

[9] Wakeman, Frederic E. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. 1985: 768. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. （原始内容存档于使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (帮助)）. During the following ten days the city was pillaged, and as many as seventy thousand people were killed

[10] Duffy, Christopher. Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660. Psychology Press. 1996 [1979]: 237 [2020-08-11]. ISBN 978-0-415-14649-4. （原始内容存档于2020-09-18）（英语）. They took Canton in 1650 after an eight-month siege, cutting down 100,000 of the citizens in the process, and they went on to capture the heroic stronghold of Kuei-lin. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

[11] 金叶. 海幢寺——结庐在人境岂无车马喧. 广州日报. 2008-02-03: B3. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05） –通过新疆哲学社会科学网(2010年3月3日).

[12] 《满清血腥屠杀史:人头堆积如山丘人口骤减几千万》，中国经济网

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