文案測試
文案測試是廣告研究中針對特定廣告進行的市場調查。在廣告播出前,根據受訪者的反應、反饋和行為,預計廣告的成效。文案測試有時稱作廣告前測,而且不局限於平面文案,亦包括其他媒體,例如電視、電台、戶外、互聯網和社交媒體。
自動化文案測試是數位行銷中針對數位廣告的市場調查。異於一般文案測試,自動化文案測試採用真實使用者和環境進行檢測。獲邀的使用者安裝特定電腦軟件後如常瀏覽互聯網,其瀏覽的數位廣告會被換為受測試的數位文案。自動化文案測試一般以統計學的 Z-test 決定數據是否存在顯著性差異。如果受測廣告的表現顯著高於基準,則廣告商可採用該特定廣告。
特點
1982年,21家美國頂尖的廣告公司推出共同聲明,規劃出優良文案測試應該具備的條件,這份聲明稱為 PACT (Positioning Advertising Copy Testing)。
文案測試的指標
回憶 Recall
回憶是指受訪者能否清楚記起看過受測文案。
1950年代最盛行的回憶指標是「次日廣告回憶(Day-After-Recall, DAR」。廣告在文案測試時出現,受訪者會在次日接獲訪問並要求回答所有能記起的廣告。這個指標旨在量度廣告是否有效「突破」,被寶潔公司採用後一度成為研究的主要指標(Honomichl)。
1970-90年代,不同研究指出回憶指標與實際銷量幾乎沒有關連(Adams & Blair; Blair; Blair & Kuse; Blair & Rabuck; Jones; Jones & Blair; MASB; Mondello; Stewart)。例如,寶潔公司分析十年剖開式電綫的銷量與 DAR 指標(共100組),並沒有找出任何顯著關係(Young, 3–30頁)。此外,禾頓商學院的 Leonard Lodish 進行更深入的分析,沒有找出任何回憶與銷量之間的關係(Lodish 125–139頁)。
1970年代重新審視「滲透力(Cut-through)」,並區分廣告吸引注意的能力,和品牌連結度(Brand Linkage)(Young, 12頁)。
說服力 Persuasion
說服力是指受訪者觀看廣告後在消費行為上的差異,有時稱作推動力 Motivation。
當次日回憶指標 DAR 被認定不能預測銷量後,衍生出以消費行為為本的指標,以更準確預測廣告為銷量帶來的影響。是次改革,某程度上,如 Horace Schwerin 指出:「十分明顯,受訪者清楚回憶廣告,可能與其消費行為全不相關,比如受訪者根本完全不需要廣告內的商品」。(Honomichl)正如次日廣告回憶指標 DAR,寶潔公司接受 ARS 說服力指標後(亦稱品牌喜愛度)正為行業的主要指標。文案測試報告繼續提供回憶指標,但說服力指標才是重心(Honomichl)。
Mapes & Ross 研究公司的 Harold Ross 指出 ARS 說服力指標更能預測銷量(Ross),而且指標的效度亦刊登於不同刊物內。(Adams & Blair; Jones & Blair; MASB; Mondello)
診斷 Diagnostic
診斷的主要目的是改良廣告。透過了解不同的診斷指標可以幫助廣告商找出改良廣告的方法(Young, 7頁)。
非語言 Non-Verbal
非語言指標是指特定廣告對受訪者的影響,尤其非常困難以文字或評分作出判斷的影響(例如情緒)。事實上,有人認為廣告影響受訪者的潛意識(Young, 7頁)。根據楊格(Chuck Young):我們最喜愛的歌曲內往往有一些我們無法言明的弦外之音(Young, 22頁)。
1970年代,研究員開始追蹤受訪者觀看廣告時腦波的變化,以非語言的方式量度廣告(Krugman)。其他實驗包括皮膚電阻感應、聲調分析和眼動追蹤(Young, 22頁)。這些方法並未廣泛採用,主因是技術上的限制,以及費用高昂,一般被視為學術研究而非可行的研究。
1980年代,研究員開始視廣告為「一連串具結構的經驗」,而非單一評分的個體,衍生出實時量度廣告經驗的工具。
參見
- Adams, A. J., & M. H. Blair. “Persuasive Advertising and Sales Accountability: Past Experience and Forward Validation.” Journal of Advertising Research, March/April 1992: 20–25.
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- Lodish, L. M., M. Abraham, S. Kalmenson, J. Livelsberger, B. Lubetkin, B. Richardson, & M. E. Stevens. "How TV Advertising Works: A Meta-Analysis of 389 Real World Split Cable TV Advertising Experiments." Journal of Marketing Research, May 1995: 125-139.
- MASB. Marketing Accountability Standards: Measuring and Improving the Return from TV Advertising (An Example). April 2008 & May 2012. (http://www.themasb.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Measuring-TV-According-to-MMAP-An-Example-2012-Copy.pdf (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
- Mondello, M. "Turning Research Into Return-on-Investment." Journal of Advertising Research, July/August 1996.
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- Puckett, Jason "Ad Copy Testing - 5 Best Practices to Improve ROI (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)", 2015. AdBasis, Inc.
- Stewart, D. W. "Advertising Wearout: What and How you Measure Matters." Journal of Advertising Research, September/October 1999: 39-42.
- Understanding Copy Pretesting (1994). Published by Advertising Research Foundation, NY.
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- www.copymetrics.com.
- Young, C. E. The Advertising Research Handbook, Ideas in Flight, Seattle, WA, April 2005.
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