暴力时期

暴力时期（西班牙語：La Violencia）是1948年—1958年哥倫比亞境內爆發的內戰，作戰雙方分別是哥伦比亚保守党与哥伦比亚自由党。 ^[1]^[2]^[3]

1948年4月9日，哥伦比亚自由党政治人物豪尔赫·埃利塞尔·盖坦被暗杀後， ^[4]波哥大爆發大规模骚乱，造成约5000人伤亡^[4]。此時支持哥伦比亚保守党的农民試圖夺取支持哥伦比亚自由党的农民的土地，內戰爆發。 ^[4]

這一時期的內戰造成至少20万人死亡，占当时哥倫比亞人口的近 2%。^[5]^[6]^[7]

参考文献

^ Stokes, Doug. America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia. Zed Books. 2005. ISBN 1-84277-547-2. Azcarate quotes a figure of 300,000 dead between 1948–1959... ^{[页码请求]}
^ Gutierrez, Pedro Ruz. Bullets, Bloodshed And Ballots. Orlando Sentinel. 31 October 1999. （原始内容存档于2016-08-15）. Political violence is not new to that South American nation of 38 million people. In the past 100 years, more than 500,000 Colombians have died in it. From the 'War of the Thousand Days,' a civil war at the turn of the century that left 100,000 dead, to a partisan clash between 1948 and 1966 that claimed nearly 300,000...
^ Bergquist, Charles; Robinson, David J. Colombia. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005. Microsoft Corporation. 2005 [16 April 2006]. （原始内容存档于2007-11-11）. On April 9, 1948, Gaitán was assassinated outside his law offices, in downtown Bogotá. The assassination marked the start of a decade of bloodshed, called La Violencia (The Violence), which took the lives of an estimated 180,000 Colombians before it subsided in 1958.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Livingstone, Grace; foreword by Pearce, Jenny. Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy, and War. Rutgers University Press. 2004: 42. ISBN 0-8135-3443-7.
^ Britannica, 15th edition, 1992 printing^{[页码请求]}
^ Palmowski, Jan. A Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History . Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 9780192800169. ^{[页码请求]}
^ Grenville, J.A.S. A History of the World in the 20th Century. 1994. ^{[页码请求]}

[1] Stokes, Doug. America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia. Zed Books. 2005. ISBN 1-84277-547-2. Azcarate quotes a figure of 300,000 dead between 1948–1959... ^{[页码请求]}

[2] Gutierrez, Pedro Ruz. Bullets, Bloodshed And Ballots. Orlando Sentinel. 31 October 1999. （原始内容存档于2016-08-15）. Political violence is not new to that South American nation of 38 million people. In the past 100 years, more than 500,000 Colombians have died in it. From the 'War of the Thousand Days,' a civil war at the turn of the century that left 100,000 dead, to a partisan clash between 1948 and 1966 that claimed nearly 300,000...

[3] Bergquist, Charles; Robinson, David J. Colombia. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005. Microsoft Corporation. 2005 [16 April 2006]. （原始内容存档于2007-11-11）. On April 9, 1948, Gaitán was assassinated outside his law offices, in downtown Bogotá. The assassination marked the start of a decade of bloodshed, called La Violencia (The Violence), which took the lives of an estimated 180,000 Colombians before it subsided in 1958.

[Grace-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Livingstone, Grace; foreword by Pearce, Jenny. Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy, and War. Rutgers University Press. 2004: 42. ISBN 0-8135-3443-7.

[5] Britannica, 15th edition, 1992 printing^{[页码请求]}

[6] Palmowski, Jan. A Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History . Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 9780192800169. ^{[页码请求]}

[7] Grenville, J.A.S. A History of the World in the 20th Century. 1994. ^{[页码请求]}

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