维基百科

极端民族主义

（重定向自極端民族主義）

極端民族主義（英語：Ultranationalism）是一種意識形態，和傳統民族主義的概念完全不同，強調某個國家或民族在政治、經濟和社會領域的利益與統治地位。通常表現為對自己族群的優越感和極端支持，同時將其他國家，種族，宗教或文化社群視為敵對與次等，並加以歧視，排斥和仇恨，進而引發種族主義和迫害等問題。極端民族主義往往伴隨著侵略性和暴力傾向，可能採取戰爭或種族清洗等極端手段以實現政治目標，它與國家復興的概念共同構成了法西斯主義的關鍵基礎。[1]

加略斯·布加杰斯基（英语：Janusz Bugajski）認為，民族主義在最極端或發展到終極形態時，類似於法西斯主義，其特點是仇外蔑視，支持專制政治並靠近極權主義，強調魅力型領袖，一個組織上無定形的運動型政黨，以及國家之間的「有機統一」。 [2]

羅傑·格里芬（英语：Roger Griffin）指出，極端民族主義本質上是仇外的，並且會通過神化自己歷史上的偉大成就，或者強調對歷史宿敵的仇恨來實現自身的合法化。它有時還會利用庸俗的體質人類學、遺傳學和優生學來對種族優越感和種族前途做合理化解釋，並衬托其他種族的墮落和劣等的观念。 [3]

极端民族主义政党

二战后被认为过是极端民族主义者的政党：

参见

参考

  1. ^ Roger Griffin, "Nationalism" in Cyprian Blamires, ed., World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006), pp. 451–53.
  2. ^ The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post-communist Europe （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. EastWest Institute. p.65. Section author - Janusz Bugajski. Book edited by Johnathan P.Stein. Published by M.E. Sharpe. Published in New York in 2000. Retrieved via Google Books.
  3. ^ World fascism: a historical encyclopedia. 2006: 452 [2019-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-25）. 
  4. ^ Stewart, James. Anti‐Muslim hate speech and displacement narratives: Case studies from Sri Lanka and Australia. Australian Journal of Social Issues. 2 November 2019, 54 (4): 418–435. S2CID 211418443. doi:10.1002/ajs4.83. 
  5. ^ South Tyrol – a distorting mirror for Vienna, Rome and liberal London. openDemocracy. 2018-01-14 [2022-03-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-02） （英语）. 
  6. ^ Even Austria's far right wants to demolish Hitler's birthplace. The Columbus Dispatch. 2016-09-13 [2022-03-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-22） （美国英语）. 
  7. ^ Jarausch, Konrad Hugo. Out of ashes : a new history of Europe in the twentieth century. Princeton. 2015: 742. ISBN 978-1-4008-8347-9. OCLC 954000237. 
  8. ^ Elman, R. Amy. The European Union, antisemitism, and the politics of denial. Lincoln. 2015: 120. ISBN 978-0-8032-6693-3. OCLC 897814752. 
  9. ^ Fotheringham, Alasdair. In the pandemic, are Europeans more attracted to the far right?. www.aljazeera.com. 2021-02-03 [2022-03-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-02） （英语）. 
  10. ^ Europe, Central Asia Face Spike In Infections As WHO Warns Of Omicron 'Tidal Wave'. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 2022-01-22 [2022-03-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-01） （英语）. 
  11. ^ Bulgaria: A heterogeneous coalition in the making (PDF). UniCredit Research. November 2021: 1 [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-02-09）. 
  12. ^ Weary of promises, Bulgarians protest against COVID curbs, inflation. SWI swissinfo.ch. [2022-03-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-02） （英语）. 
  13. ^ Katsikas, Stefanos. Negotiating Diplomacy in the New Europe: Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Bulgaria. I.B. Tauris: 64. 2011. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Ultra-nationalists, populists form 'Bulgarian Patriots' alliance for July elections. The Sofia Globe. 20 May 2021 [17 June 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-21）. Ultra-nationalist parties VMRO and the National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, along with populists Volya, have agreed to stand together in Bulgaria’s July 11, 2021 parliamentary elections under the name "Bulgarian Patriots", the parties announced on May 20. 
  15. ^ Vacuum at the top threatens to hinder Bulgaria's progress. Financial Times (FT). [17 June 2021]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-12）. 
  16. ^ Bosnia Serbs Oust Leader From Her Party. The New York Times. Reuters. 1997-07-21 [2021-06-19]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于2021-06-24） （美国英语）. 
  17. ^ Holbooke to seek removal of Bosnian Serb leader. The Irish Times. [2021-06-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-29） （英语）. 
  18. ^ Khmer Rouge leaders convicted of genocide in landmark court ruling. South China Morning Post. 2018-11-16 [2023-01-18]. （原始内容存档于2024-04-18） （英语）. 
  19. ^ Xi adopting ultra-nationalist agenda, indefinite one-man rule to strengthen grip on China. The Times of India. 2020-09-07 [2020-09-07]. （原始内容存档于2024-03-25）. 
  20. ^ China’s Rising Ultra-Nationalism Complicates Xi’s Climate Ambitions. Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg News. 2021-11-29 [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-29） （英语）. 
  21. ^ Krishnankutty, Pia. Chinese Communist Party now derives legitimacy from ultra-nationalism, says Shivshankar Menon. ThePrint. 2021-11-11 [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-09）. 
  22. ^ Elections in Croatia: 2020 Parliamentary Elections. Arlington, Virginia: International Foundation for Electoral Systems. July 2020: 3. 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek. The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. 2002 [2024-04-18]. ISBN 978-1-13460-952-9. （原始内容存档于2023-01-13）. 
  24. ^ Journalism and ethics : breakthroughs in research and practice. IGI Global, Information Resources Management Association. Hershey, Pennsylvania. 2019: 585. ISBN 978-1-5225-8360-8. OCLC 1096219393. 
  25. ^ Cyprus and the roadmap for peace : a critical interrogation of the conflict. Michális S. Michael, Yücel Vural. Cheltenham. 2018: 87. ISBN 978-1-78643-049-6. OCLC 1043865663. 
  26. ^ Czech MP who compared Muslim immigrants to "invasive species" will not be stripped of immunity from prosecution. romea.cz. [2022-03-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-02）. 
  27. ^ Freedom in the world : the annual survey of political rights & civil liberties, 2000-2001. Adrian Karatnycky, Freedom House Survey Team. Piscataway, N.J.: Transaction Pub. 2001: 171. ISBN 0-7658-0101-9. OCLC 48233321. 
  28. ^ Lee, Martin A. The beast reawakens. New York. 2013: 46. ISBN 978-1-135-28124-3. OCLC 858861623. 
  29. ^ Racial and ethnic economic inequality : an international perspective. Samuel L. Myers, Bruce P. Corrie. New York: Lang. 2006: 205 [2023-02-09]. ISBN 0-8204-5656-X. OCLC 52312447. （原始内容存档于2022-05-24）. 
  30. ^ In Liberal Estonia, Right-Wing Populists Are Making Their Mark. Freedom House. [2021-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-10） （英语）. 
  31. ^ "The East-Europeanization of Estonian Politics" | Baltic Rim Economies. sites.utu.fi. [2021-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-10）. 
  32. ^ Europe's far right has stalled. Australian Financial Review. 2019-12-31 [2021-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-10） （英语）. 
  33. ^ Erlanger, Steven; de Freytas-Tamura, Kimiko. E.U. Faces Its Next Big Test as France's Election Looms. New York Times. 17 December 2016 [28 February 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-02）. 
  34. ^ Morden, Tony. Equality, diversity and opportunity management : costs, strategies and leadership. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Limited. 2013. ISBN 978-1-4094-3279-1. OCLC 847526846. 
  35. ^ The 1619 Project and the far-right fear of history. The Washington Post. 20 August 2019 [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-21）. A leader of Germany's ultranationalist AfD party in 2017 bemoaned how the country's focus on atoning ... 
  36. ^ Berlin, Oliver Moody. Frankenstein pact puts AfD in coalition. The Times. 23 July 2019 [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-28）. A married couple have run into trouble for forging the first local pact between Angela Merkel’s party and the ultranationalist Alternative for Germany (AfD) in defiance of the chancellor. 
  37. ^ Greek elections: landslide victory for centre-right New Democracy party. The Guardian. 7 July 2019 [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-21）. Smaller parties, such as the ultra-nationalist Greek Solution and leftist MeRA25, headed by Yanis Varoufakis, the former finance minister, were targeting younger Greeks. 
  38. ^ Tsatsanis, Emmanouil, Hellenism under siege: the national-populist logic of antiglobalization rhetoric in Greece, Journal of Political Ideologies, 2011, 16 (1): 11–31, S2CID 143633586, doi:10.1080/13569317.2011.540939, ...and far right-wing newspapers such as Alpha Ena, Eleytheros Kosmos, Eleytheri Ora and Stohos (the mouthpiece of ultra-nationalist group Chrysi Avgi). 
  39. ^ Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth, Reputational Shields: Why Most Anti-Immigrant Parties Failed in Western Europe, 1980–2005 (PDF), Nuffield College, University of Oxford: 15, 2006 [2024-04-18], （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-10-22） 
  40. ^ On the Road with Golden Dawn, Greece’s Ultra-Nationalist Party （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Time. Published 31 October 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  41. ^ Horthy Commemoration Revives Political Debate over His Regentship. 18 November 2019 [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-19）. 
  42. ^ Kyriazi, Anna. Ultranationalist discourses of exclusion: a comparison between the Hungarian Jobbik and the Greek Golden Dawn. University of Milan. April 2016 [2024-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-23）. 
  43. ^ Migrants finding little sympathy in Hungary for their plight. AP News. 9 September 2015 [2024-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-10）. 
  44. ^ {{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/05/24/315445164/ultra-nationalist-party-surges-in-hungary%7Ctitle=Ultra-Nationalist Party Surges In Hungary|newspaper=NPR.org|date=24 May 2014|publisher=National Public Radio}}
  45. ^ Magnier, Mark. In India, battle continues over Hindu temple's riches - latimes. Los Angeles Times. 8 March 2012 [2015-12-02]. （原始内容存档于2015-12-08）. 
  46. ^ Outlook Web Bureau. BJP Promoting Hindu Supremacy And Ultra-Nationalism At The Expense Of Fundamental Rights For All Indians, Says Human Rights Watch Report. Outlook. 2018-01-22 [2023-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-26）. 
  47. ^ Indrajit Roy. Blog: India - One year after Narendra Modi’s re-election, the country’s democracy is developing fascistic undertones.. University of York York. 2020-06-02 [2023-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2023-09-18）. 
  48. ^ Syed Qamar Afzal Rizvi. Modi’s ultra-nationalism vs India’s liberal order of change?. Daily Times. 2020-08-06 [2023-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-10）. 
  49. ^ Radhika Ramaseshan. Is a post-Hindutva, ultra-nationalism milieu, forcing even 'secular' parties towards polarisation?. TOI. 2022-04-03 [2023-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2023-09-23）. 
  50. ^ Mietzner, Marcus. Comparing Indonesia's Party Systems of the 1950s and the Post-Suharto Era: From Centrifugal to Centripetal Inter-Party Competition. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 2008, 39 (3): 431–453 [2024-04-18]. JSTOR 27751535. S2CID 143374343. doi:10.1017/S0022463408000337. （原始内容存档于2023-07-12）. 
  51. ^ Religious Zionism, Otzma Yehudit parties to run together （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Arutz7
  52. ^ Weinblum, Sharon. Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse. Routledge. 2015: 10. ISBN 978-1-317-58450-6. 
  53. ^ Political turmoil in Italy as far-right reaches for the reins. Christian Science Monitor. 2019-08-21 [2022-03-02]. ISSN 0882-7729. （原始内容存档于2022-01-07）. 
  54. ^ In Italy, sighs of relief as Mattarella stays put. EUobserver. 2022-02-02 [2022-03-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-02） （英语）. 
  55. ^ Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis. eurasia review. 16 July 2019 [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-13）. The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP’s project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism. 
  56. ^ Abe's cabinet reshuffle. East Asia Forum. 14 September 2019 [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）. Abe also rewarded right-wing politicians who are close to him — so-called ‘ideological friends’ who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration — such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary-General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister. As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), which seeks to promote patriotic education, he can be considered ‘reliable’ as the government’s policy leader on national education. 
  57. ^ Mark Poysden, Marco Bratt (编). Global Studies: Japan and the Pacific Rim. KIT Publishers. 2006: 97. ... Koizumi calls the war criminals 'martyrs', a view shared by many elderly veterans, Right-wing Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) lawmakers and ultra-nationalist groups . He now claims that he visits the shrine as a private citizen, not as the prime minister. It is an open secret in Japan that most LDP politicians are linked to ... 
  58. ^ Lunning, Frenchy (编). Mechademia 4: War/Time. U of Minnesota Press. 2013: 291 [2023-02-09]. ISBN 9781452942650. （原始内容存档于2023-01-13）. The overturning of the cab driver's 1998 sentiment in Akamatsu's 2007 piece had its political correlative in the victory of the ultranationalist wing of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) when Abe Shinzō became Japan's prime minister in ... 
  59. ^ Piacentini A., Make Macedonia Great Again! The New Face of Skopje and the Macedonians’ identity dilemma edited by Evinç Doğan in Reinventing Eastern Europe: Imaginaries, Identities and Transformations; Place and space series; Transnational Press London, 2019; ISBN 1910781878, p. 87.
  60. ^ Khin Moh Moh Lwin and Myo Set Pai. Far-right Buddhist nationalist candidates among biggest losers in 2020 election. Myanmar Now. 20 November 2020 [23 November 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-28）. 
  61. ^ Internal Crisis Group. Buddhism and State Power in Myanmar. 5 September 2017 [2024-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-09）. 
  62. ^ Villegas, Bernardo M. The Philippines in 1986: Democratic Reconstruction in the Post-Marcos Era. Asian Survey. 1958-02-01, 27 (2): 194–205 [2024-04-18]. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2644614. doi:10.2307/2644614. （原始内容存档于2023-02-10） （英语）. Finally, at the extreme right is the reorganized Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) under Nicanor Yniguez, which remains loyal to Marcos. 
  63. ^ Polish Interior Minister Issues Last-Minute Ban on Neo-Fascist Show of Force Outside Israeli Embassy in Warsaw. The Algemeiner. 31 January 2018 [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-26）. 
  64. ^ De Riencourt, Amauary. Roof of the World, Tibet. Rinehart. 1950: 176. Chiang Kai - Shek shook off the Soviet supervision and transmuted the Kuomintang into an ultranationalist movement 
  65. ^ 白桓亮; 嘉縣民雄. 鐵蹄下未來？ 極端民族主義崛起令人憂. 聯合報. 2022-07-02 [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-09）. 
  66. ^ Mainland to set up special economic zone to favour closer cooperation with Taiwan. AsiaNews. 2009-05-05 [2023-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2024-09-06）. 
  67. ^ Talum Ispalidav Takistaulan. 以資格論台灣人，才是極端民族主義 ─ 回應陳助理教授投書. 自由时报. [2023-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2024-04-18）. 
  68. ^ 李鹏; 责任编辑 胡宗山. 台湾难以实现政治稳定的政治文化根源 (PDF). 社会主义研究: 103. [2023-02-10]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-06-16）. 
  69. ^ 台湾基进党是一个进步还是反动的力量？. 中国劳工论坛. [2023-02-10]. 
  70. ^ 國際社會主義前進. 風雨欲來－台灣國內外的資本主義危機將至. 2018-07-06 [2019-01-21]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-26）. 
  71. ^ Hopkins, Valerie. Far-right party changes political landscape in Romania . Financial Times. 14 December 2020. （原始内容存档于2022-12-10）. 
  72. ^ Record low turnout brings extremist party into Romania's Parliament. transylvanianow.com. Transylvania Now. 7 December 2020 [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-16）. 
  73. ^ Ultranationalists Move to Slap Fines on Use of Foreign Words. 21 February 2013 [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-06）. 
  74. ^ Van Herpen, Marcel H. Putin's Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. 2015: 34. 
  75. ^ Serbian Ultranationalists Making Mark Despite Failure At The Ballot Box. RFE/RL. March 12, 2018 [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-11）. 
  76. ^ Digitalni šovinizam na Fejsbuku: Dani srpskih nacionalističkih mrmota. voice.org.rs. VOICE. 15 March 2020 [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-09） （Serbian）. 
  77. ^ Mladic on his way to UN war crimes tribunal. France 24. 2011-05-31 [2021-06-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-24） （英语）. 
  78. ^ Serbia's pro-EU populists win vote, initial projections show. AP NEWS. [2021-06-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-24）. 
  79. ^ Armakolas, Ioannis; Maksimović, Maja. The Beginning of the End for the Kosovo Problem? The Agreement on Normalisation of Relations between Belgrade and Pristina and its Aftermath (PDF). ETH Zürich. May 2013 [19 June 2021]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-06-24）. 
  80. ^ Stojarová, Věra; Emerson, Peter. Political parties in Serbia (PDF). bochsler.eu. Bochsler, Center for Comparative and International Studies, University of Zurich. [2024-04-18]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-02-10）. 
  81. ^ Ford, Peter. Serbian Radical Party surge may complicate reform. Christian Science Monitor. 2018 [17 December 2018]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-24）. 
  82. ^ Warlord's party hopeful of winning seats. edition.cnn.com. CNN. 24 December 2020 [2024-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-10）. 
  83. ^ Željko Ražnatović. britannica.com. Britannica. [2024-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2024-02-24）. 
  84. ^ Wiesinger, Barbara. The Continuing Presence of the Extreme Right in Post-Milošević Serbia. Balkanologie. December 2008, 11 (1–2) [2024-04-18]. doi:10.4000/balkanologie.1363  . （原始内容存档于2022-12-10）. 
  85. ^ The Turn of the Fascist 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期12 April 2015., Jane Duncan, SACSIS (2011).
  86. ^ Imraan Baccus,"Is fascism rearing its ugly head in SA?" 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期6 October 2013., City Press (2013).
  87. ^ Krabill, Ron. Starring Mandela and Cosby: Media and the End(s) of Apartheid . University of Chicago Press. 2010: 51. 
  88. ^ Not Even a Prosperous Slovakia Is Immune to Doubts About the E.U.. New York Times. 17 December 2016 [2019-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-02）. 
  89. ^ Jeffries, Ian. Eastern Europe at the turn of the twenty-first century . Routledge. 2002: 352. ISBN 9780415236713. Slovak National Party: led by Jan Slota. Extreme nationalist 
  90. ^ P. Ramet, Sabrina. Whose democracy?: nationalism, religion, and the doctrine of collective rights in post-1989 Eastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. 1997: 128. ISBN 9780847683246. ...Meciar established his 1994 coalition government with the extreme-nacionalist Slovak National Party (SNS), led by Ján Slota, mayor of Zilina... 
  91. ^ International Herald Tribune's article about Hungarian-Slovak relations. International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009 [10 January 2011]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-14）. 
  92. ^ 이범석 [Lee Bum Suk]. Naver Knowledge Encyclopedia. [2019-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-29） （韩语）. 
  93. ^ Acha, Beatriz. No, no es un partido (neo)fascista. Agenda Pública. 6 January 2019 [1 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于11 July 2019）. 
  94. ^ Antón-Mellón, Joan. Vox. Del nacional-catolicismo al ultranacionalismo neoliberal. Agenda Pública. 29 April 2019 [2019-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-03）. 
  95. ^ The Extreme Right in Spain - Surviving in the Shadow of Franco (PDF). core.ac.uk. Hedda Samdahl Weltz. 2014 [2024-04-18]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-08）. 
  96. ^ Hällhag, Roger. New Sweden: Crushing or Confirming a Social Democratic Model?. Bonn: Friedrich Ebert Foundation. April 2007: 6. 
  97. ^ Relativism and post-truth in contemporary society : possibilities and challenges. Mikael Stenmark, Steve Fuller, Ulf Zackariasson. Cham, Switzerland. 2018: 169. ISBN 978-3-319-96559-8. OCLC 1052796925. 
  98. ^ Gardell, Mattias. Crusader Dreams: Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural Europe. Terrorism and Political Violence. 2014, 26 (1): 130 [2023-02-09]. ISSN 0954-6553. S2CID 144489939. doi:10.1080/09546553.2014.849930. （原始内容存档于2022-11-05） （英语）. 
  99. ^ Estrin, Barbara L. Shakespeare and Contemporary Fiction: Theorizing Foundling and Lyric Plots. 2012: 17. ISBN 978-1611493702. 
  100. ^ Arman, Murat Necip. The Sources Of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism. CEU Political Science Journal. 2007, (2): 133–151. 
  101. ^ Eissenstat, Howard. Anatolianism: The History of a Failed Metaphor of Turkish Nationalism. Middle East Studies Association Conference. Washington, D.C. November 2002. 
  102. ^ Fatma Muge Gocek. Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present, and Collective Violence against the Armenians, 1789-2009 再印版. Oxford University. 2016-08-01 [2023-02-09]. ISBN 978-0190624583. （原始内容存档于2023-02-09）. 
  103. ^ Svoboda: The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists. BBC. 25 December 2012 [1 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-31）. 
  104. ^ Black, J. L.; Johns, Michael; Theriault, Alanda. The new world disorder: challenges and threats in an uncertain world. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 2019: 14 [2023-02-09]. ISBN 9781498576376. （原始内容存档于2023-07-12）. 
  105. ^ Hahn, Gordon M. Ukraine over the edge: Russia, the West and the "new Cold War". Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 2018: 191 [2023-02-09]. ISBN 9781476628752. （原始内容存档于2023-07-12）. 
  106. ^ Profile: Ukraine's ultra-nationalist Right Sector. BBC. 28 April 2014 [1 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-20）. 
  107. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram. Ukraine. Parties and Elections in Europe. 2014 [6 September 2018]. （原始内容存档于12 June 2018）. 
  108. ^ Far-Right Leader To Advise Ukraine Army. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2024-05-20） （英语）. 
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=极端民族主义&oldid=85020690”