水磨

水磨（英語：watermill）是水力驱动的磨。这种结构使用水車或水轮机来驱动研磨、滚动或槌打等机械过程，可用来生产穀粉、木材、纸、布、金属产品等。装有水磨的工厂称为水磨坊，这包括了麵粉廠、鋸木廠、造纸厂、纺织厂、 锤磨厂、跳锤厂、轧制厂、拉丝厂等。祖冲之曾经设计制造过利用水力舂米、磨面的水碓磨。

比利时布赖恩勒沙托12世纪的水磨

英国莱姆里杰斯水磨坊的内部（14世纪）

王祯农书卷十九水磨插图

参见

• 水碓

伸延閱讀

• Burns, Robert I., Paper comes to the West, 800−1400, Lindgren, Uta (编), Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation 4th, Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag: 413–422, 1996, ISBN 3-7861-1748-9 
• de Crespigny, Rafe, A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD), Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0 
• Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J., Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology, Anatolian Studies 52, 2002, 52: 1–17, JSTOR 3643076, S2CID 163811541, doi:10.2307/3643076 
• Gauldie, Enid (1981). The Scottish Miller 1700 - 1900. Pub. John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-067-7.
• Gimpel, Jean, The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages, London: Penguin (Non-Classics), 1977, ISBN 978-0-14-004514-7  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
• Holt, Richard, The Mills of Medieval England, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1988, ISBN 978-0-631-15692-5 
• Langdon, John, Mills in the Medieval Economy: England, 1300-1540, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-926558-5 
• Lewis, M. J., Millstone and Hammer: the origins of water power, University of Hull Press 1997. ISBN 0-85958-657-X.
• McErlean, Thomas; Crothers, Norman, Harnessing the Tides: The Early Medieval Tide Mills at Nendrum Monastery, Strangford Lough, Belfast: Stationery Office Books, 2007, ISBN 978-0-337-08877-3 
• Munro, John H., Industrial energy from water-mills in the European economy, 5th to 18th Centuries: the limitations of power, Economia ed Energia, Seccoli XIII - XVIII, Atti delle 'Settimane di Studi' e Altrie Convegni, Istituto Internazionale di Storia Economica 34 (1) (F. Datini), 2003, 34 (1): 223–269 
• Murphy, Donald, Excavations of a Mill at Killoteran, Co. Waterford as Part of the N-25 Waterford By-Pass Project (PDF), Estuarine/ Alluvial Archaeology in Ireland. Towards Best Practice, University College Dublin and National Roads Authority, 2005, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-11-18） 
• Needham, Joseph. (1986). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. ISBN 0-521-05803-1.
• Oleson, John Peter, Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology, University of Toronto Press, 1984, ISBN 90-277-1693-5 
• Oleson, John Peter, Water-Lifting, Wikander, Örjan (编), Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History 2, Leiden: Brill: 217–302, 2000, ISBN 90-04-11123-9 
• Pacey, Arnold, Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History, The MIT Press; Reprint edition (July 1, 1991). ISBN 0-262-66072-5.
• Reynolds, Terry S. Stronger Than a Hundred Men: A History of the Vertical Water Wheel. (Johns Hopkins University Press 1983). ISBN 0-8018-7248-0.
• Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul, A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications, Journal of Roman Archaeology 20, 2007, 20: 138–163 
• Rynne, Colin, Waterpower in Medieval Ireland, Squatriti, Paolo (编), Working with Water in Medieval Europe, Technology and Change in History 3, Leiden: Brill: 1–50, 2000, ISBN 90-04-10680-4 
• Spain, Rob: "A possible Roman Tide Mill" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Paper submitted to the Kent Archaeological Society
• Wikander, Örjan, Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-Mills. An Interim Report, History of Technology 10, 1985, 10: 151–179 
• Wikander, Örjan, The Water-Mill, Wikander, Örjan (编), Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History 2, Leiden: Brill: 371–400, 2000, ISBN 90-04-11123-9 
• Wilson, Andrew, Water-Power in North Africa and the Development of the Horizontal Water-Wheel, Journal of Roman Archaeology 8, 1995, 8: 499–510 
• Wilson, Andrew, Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy, The Journal of Roman Studies 92 (The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 92), 2002, 92: 1–32, JSTOR 3184857, S2CID 154629776, doi:10.2307/3184857 

外部連結

• Mill database with over 10000 European mills （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• The International Molinological Society (TIMS) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• The Society for the Preservation of Old Mills (SPOOM) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• U.S. mill pictures and information （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Watermills in Norfolk, England （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Mills in Hampshire, England （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Windmills and watermills of the East Grinstead area 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2016-12-27.