磁化水
(重定向自磁化水處理)
磁化水(也称防垢磁处理或AMT)是一种假想通过穿过磁场来减少硬水、实现硬水软化的一种非化学方法。这种处理工艺被认为未经证实、缺乏科学性。
勞倫斯利佛摩國家實驗室于1996年的一项研究中发现,磁化水工艺对水垢的形成没有显着影响。[1]
效果
磁化水设备的供应商常使用图片和軼事證據来支持其主张,但略过细节上更具科学性的研究结果。[2]磁化水相关的廣告通常会忽略程序變數,例如腐蚀或系统质量平衡分析,以及硬度离子浓度或悬浮颗粒的分布、结构和形态等后处理水的指标。[2][3] [4] [5]
假想机制
在磁场下暴露的时间、强度、升降率、变化速度以及水平或垂直于流体的方向,被各个结论认为对结果至关重要。 [6]磁化水处理的支持者Klaus Kronenberg提出,溶质石灰分子的形状会受到强磁场的影响,导致它们沉淀为球形或圆形晶体,而非沉积为硬质晶体的片状。 [7]克蘭菲爾德大學水科学学院的西蒙·帕森斯(Simon Parsons)提出,磁场会减少小颗粒的表面电荷,从而按比例增加流动时凝结为大颗粒而非沉积的趋势。但1996年勞倫斯利佛摩國家實驗室进行的一项内部研究中发现,磁化水处理系统中,沉积水垢的主要晶体结构没有差异。 [1]
Liu[8]、Coey和Cass在2010年和2000年发表的研究报告中指出,磁化处理使包含矿物质的水更利于形成更易溶解的碳酸钙形式(霰石而非方解石)。 [9]
管材
电磁处理的效果依赖于管道特性。影响幅度取决于管道的电导率和表面粗糙度。 [10]
相关设备
世界上有基于各种物理现象的许多有类似阻垢作用的非化学装置,并已销售几十年。 [11]尽管有些有效(例如电解装置),但[12] [13] [14] [15]多数是无效的。[2]
磁化设备的其他用途:
参见
参考文献
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- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Keister, T. Non Chemical Devices: Thirty Years of Myth Busting (PDF). Water Conditioning & Purification. 2008 [2009-12-11]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-04-17).
- ^ Lower, S. Magnetic water treatment and pseudoscience. Chem1Ware Systems Limited. [2009-10-25]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-01).
- ^ Limpert, GJC; Raber, JL. Tests of nonchemical scale control devices in a once-through system. Materials Performance. 1985, 24 (10): 40–45. OSTI 6089699.
- ^ Smothers, KW. Magnetic Water Treatment (PDF). Public Works Technical Bulletin 420-49-34. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2001-06-15. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-12-15).
- ^ Chaplin, M. Descaling of Water. Water Structure and Science. London South Bank University. 2011-07-26 [2012-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-27).
- ^ Interview of Klaus Kronenberg, Ph. D. GMX International. [2012-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-22).
- ^ Liu, C. Z.; Lin, C. H.; Yeh, M. S.; Chao, Y. M.; Shen, P. Surface Modification and Planar Defects of Calcium Carbonates by Magnetic Water Treatment. Nanoscale Research Letters. 2010, 5 (12): 1982–1991. Bibcode:2010NRL.....5.1982L. PMC 2991221 . PMID 21170405. doi:10.1007/s11671-010-9736-5.
- ^ Coey, JMD; Cass, S. Magnetic water treatment (PDF). Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2000, 209 (1–3): 71–74 [2020-11-17]. Bibcode:2000JMMM..209...71C. doi:10.1016/S0304-8853(99)00648-4. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-04-09).
- ^ Alimi, F.; Tlili, M. M.; Amor, M. B.; Maurin, G.; Gabrielli, C. Effect of magnetic water treatment on calcium carbonate precipitation: Influence of the pipe material. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification. 2009, 48 (8): 1327. doi:10.1016/j.cep.2009.06.008.
- ^ Chlorine Dioxide Water Treatment & Water Disinfection. Watertreatmentservices.co.uk. [2016-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-14).
- ^ Coetzee PP, Yacoby M and Howall S (1996) The role of zinc in magnetic and other physical water treatment methods for the prevention of scale. Water SA, 22(4): 319-326.
- ^ López-Sandoval E, Vázquez- López C, Zendejas- Leal BE, Ramos G, San Martín-Martínez E, Muñoz Aguirre N, Reguera E (2007) Calcium carbonate scale inhibition using the "allotropic cell" device. Desalination 217:85-92.
- ^ Pernot B, Euvrard H, Remy F and Simon, P (1999) Influence of Zn(II) on the crystallisation of calcium carbonate application to scaling mechanisms. Journal of Water SRT-Aqua, 48(1): 16-23.
- ^ MacAdam J PhD Thesis Cranfield University UK. Dept of Water Science and various studies
- ^ Whitaker, S. Guardian launches electrolytic scale inhibitor. Industry Today. 2011-08-05 [2012-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2014-08-17).
- ^ Watt, DL; Rosenfelder, C; Sutton, CD. The effect of oral irrigation with a magnetic water treatment device on plaque and calculus. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1993, 20 (5): 314–7. PMID 8501270. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1993.tb00366.x.
- ^ Johnson, KE; Sanders, JJ; Gellin, RG; Palesch, YY. The effectiveness of a magnetized water oral irrigator (Hydro Floss) on plaque, calculus and gingival health. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1998, 25 (4): 316–21. PMID 9565283. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02447.x.
- ^ Allen, M. Looking For A Miracle: We Test Automotive 'Fuel Savers'. Popular Mechanics. 2010-08-25 [2012-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2010-07-27).