綬草屬

兰科的一属植物

綬草屬学名Spiranthes),是蘭科蘭亞科地生兰。

綬草屬
綬草 Spiranthes sinensis
科学分类 编辑
界: 植物界 Plantae
演化支 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支 单子叶植物 Monocots
目: 天門冬目 Asparagales
科: 蘭科 Orchidaceae
亚科: 兰亚科 Orchidoideae
族: 头骨兰族 Cranichideae
亚族: 绶草亚族 Spiranthinae
属: 綬草屬 Spiranthes
Rich., 1817
模式種
旋花綬草
Ophrys spiralis = Spiranthes spiralis
(L.) Chevall. 1827
物种

见本文。

属名Spiranthes来源于希腊语speira(被缠绕物)和anthos(花)的合成词,指本属植物的花序呈螺旋状扭旋。

分布

綬草屬分布非常广泛,几乎是连续分布,常见於北半球温带地区,包括欧洲、北非、澳大利亚、新几内亚、美国以及加勒比地区。綬草屬在某些地方是濒危的,但在其大部分分布区中都是一种很常见的野草。它们生长於草甸、牧场、热带草原、森林等环境中,能适应酸性土壤以及石灰土

特征

株高12-38厘米,多年生,束状、块茎状或偶为纤维质的肉质根。叶基生,偶为茎生,形状各异,宽卵形、椭圆形或花期无叶。

花梗有叶状鞘,茎直立,盘旋,这也是学名Spiranthes的来源,意思为“盘旋”。花梗上长有连续的苞片。花倒垂,管状,盘旋排列,顶端穗状明显或不明显,花色为白色、淡黄色或粉色(仅绶草)。

分类

此属在分类学上有过很多变化,最早曾包含绶草亚族的所有物种。1920年,Schlechter将此属分为24属, 而Williams在1951年和Schweinfurth在1958年将此属物种的数目大幅增加。最终,D. Szlachetko在经过很多研究後,於1990将此属分为多个属,包含3个亚族。在所有的分类学变化中,只有庭园绶草Spiranthes parksii)这一个物种在分类上从未改变。

下属物种

本属包括以下物种:[1]

  • 夏绶草 Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) Rich. (1817) : Summer-flowering Spiranthes (Western & Central Europe to NW. Africa)
  • Spiranthes angustilabris J.J.Sm. (1913) (New Guinea)
  • Spiranthes bightensis M.C. Pace[2]
  • Spiranthes brevilabris Lindl. (1840) : Texas Ladies'-tresses (SE. U.S.A. to East Texas)
    • Spiranthes brevilabris var. brevilabris
    • Spiranthes brevilabris var. floridana (Wherry) Luer (1972).
  • Spiranthes casei Catling & Cruise (1974 publ. 1975) : Case's ladies'-tresses (Eastern Canada to NE. U.S.A.)
    • Spiranthes casei var. casei
    • Spiranthes casei var. novaescotiae Catling (1981) (Nova Scotia)
  • 俯花绶草 Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. (1817) : Nodding Ladies'-tresses (Eastern Canada to Central & Eastern U.S.A.)
  • Spiranthes delitescens Sheviak (1990) : Reclusive Ladies'-tresses (Arizona)
  • Spiranthes diluvialis Sheviak (1984) : Ute's Ladies'-tresses (NW. U.S.A. to Nebraska)
  • Spiranthes eatonii Ames ex P.M.Br. (1999) : Eaton's Ladies'-tresses (SE. U.S.A. to E. Texas)
  • Spiranthes graminea Lindl. in G.Bentham (1840) : Canelo Ladies'-tresses (Arizona, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua)
  • Spiranthes hachijoensis Suetsugu[3]
  • Spiranthes himalayensis Survesw., Kumar & Mei Sun[4]
  • 香港綬草 Spiranthes hongkongensis S.Y.Hu & Barretto (1976)(香港)
  • Spiranthes infernalis Sheviak (1989): Ash Meadows Ladies'-tresses (Nevada)
  • Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. (1833) : Northern Slender Ladies'-tresses (C. & E. Canada to C. & E. U.S.A)
    • Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis : Slender Ladies'-tresses (Bigelow) Luer (1975) (S. Ontario to C. & E. U.S.A.)
    • Spiranthes lacera var. lacera
  • Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames (1905): Lace-lipped Ladies'-tresses (New Jersey to E. Texas)
  • Spiranthes longilabris Lindl. (1840) : Giant-spiral Ladies'-tresses (SE. U.S.A. to E. Texas)
  • Spiranthes lucida (H.H.Eaton) Ames (1908) : Shining Ladies'-tresses (SE. Canada, NC. & E. U.S.A.)
  • Spiranthes magnicamporum Sheviak (1973) : Great Plains Ladies'-tresses (S. Canada to C. & EC. U.S.A.)
  • Spiranthes minamitaniana Suetsugu,オスズネジバナ[5]
  • Spiranthes nebulorum Catling & V.R.Catling (1988) (墨西哥, Guatemala)
  • 黃俯花綬草 Spiranthes ochroleuca (Rydb.) Rydb. (1932) : Yellow Nodding Ladies'-tresses (SE. Canada to E. U.S.A.)
  • Spiranthes odorata (Nutt.) Lindl. (1840) : Fragrant Ladies'-tresses, Marsh Ladies'-tresses (SE. U.S.A. to SE. Oklahoma)
  • Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. (1840) : October ladies'-tresses (Ontario to EC. & SE. U.S.A.)
    • Spiranthes ovalis var. erostellata Catling (1983).
    • Spiranthes ovalis var. ovalis
  • 庭园绶草 Spiranthes parksii Correll (1947): Navasota Ladies'-tresses (美国得克萨斯州)
  • Spiranthes porrifolia Lindl. (1840) : Leek-leaved Ladies'-tresses, Creamy ladies'-tresses (W. USA)
  • Spiranthes praecox (Walter) S.Watson in A.Gray (1890) : Early-blooming Spiranthes, Green-vein ladies'-tresses (New Jersey to E. Texas)
  • Spiranthes pusilla (Blume) Miq. (1859) (Sumatra)
  • 羅氏綬草 Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. (1828) : Hooded Ladies'-tresses (Great Britain, Ireland, Subarctic America to N. & WC. U.S.A)
  • 綬草 Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames (1908) : Chinese Spiranthes (E. European Russia to Pacific, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Philippines, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, New Guinea, Samoa, Vanuatu)
    • Spiranthes sinensis f. autumnus Tsukaya (2005) (Japan)
  • 旋花綬草 Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. (1827) : Autumn Ladies-tresses, Spiraled Spiranthes (Europe, Mediterranean to W. Himalaya)
  • Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & H.R.Sweet in R.A.Howard (1974): Southern ladies'-tresses (Florida, Caribbean, Mexico, Central America)
  • 細綬草 Spiranthes tuberosa Raf. (1833) : Little Ladies'-tresses (E. & EC. U.S.A)
  • Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & A.Gray (1845): Spring Ladies'-tresses (Quebec, E. & EC. U.S.A, Mexico, Guatemala, Bahamas)

物種和杂交种的劃分

因为此属的物种互相极少杂交,故杂交种很少。

  • Spiranthes × intermedia Ames (1903) (SE. Canada to NE. U.S.A.)
  • Spiranthes × itchetuckneensis P.M.Br. (1999) (Florida)
  • Spiranthes × simpsonii Catling & Sheviak (1993) (SE. Canada to NC. U.S.A)

分类学家Charles Sheviak博士和纽约州立博物馆(New York State Museum)建议将Spiranthes delitescens视为两个具有不同染色体数目的物种的双倍体杂交种,这两个物种可能是Spiranthes vernalisSpiranthes porrifolia

 
旋花绶草(Spiranthes spiralis)生境

不过此属中有更复杂的基因流形式。此属中包含若干多倍体物种,如俯花绶草S. cernua)复合种,具有无融合生殖英语apomixis多胚英语polyembryony的特征。这一复合种包括俯花绶草、庭园绶草S. parksii[6],可能也包括S. casei[7]相关物种至少包括S. magnicamporum黄俯花绶草S. ochroleuca)和S. odorata,这几个物种都是二倍体,仅具有二倍体到多倍体的基因流,反之不然。[7]

参考文献

  1. ^ Spiranthes Rich.. GBIF. [2023-04-22]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-24). 
  2. ^ Matthew C. Pace. 2021. Spiranthes bightensis (Orchidaceae), A New and Rare Cryptic Hybrid Species Endemic to the U. S. Mid-Atlantic Coast. Phytotaxa. 498(3); 159–176. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.498.3.2
  3. ^ Kenji Suetsugu, Shun K. Hirota, Hiroshi Hayakawa, Shohei Fujimori, Masayuki Ishibashi, Tian-Chuan Hsu and Yoshihisa Suyama. 2023. Spiranthes hachijoensis (Orchidaceae), A New Species within the S. sinensis Species Complex in Japan, based on Morphological, Phylogenetic, and Ecological Evidence. Journal of Plant Research. DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01448-6
  4. ^ Siddharthan Surveswaran, Pankaj Kumar, Mei Sun. 2017. Spiranthes himalayensis (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae) A New Species from Asia. PhytoKeys. 89; 115-128. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.89.19978
  5. ^ Kenji Suetsugu, Shun K. Hirota and Yoshihisa Suyama. 2023. Spiranthes minamitaniana (Orchidaceae), A New Orchid Species from Japan based on Morphological and Phylogenetic Data. Phytotaxa. 599(3); 139-149. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.1
  6. ^ Spiranthes parksii. Flora of North America. [2010-08-02]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-17). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Spiranthes cernua. Flora of North America. [2010-08-02]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-17). 
  • Schlechter, R. Versuch einer systematischen Neuordnung der Spiranthinae. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 1920, 37: 317–454.  (in German)
  • Williams, L.O. The Orchidaceae of Mexico. Ceiba. 1951, 2: 1–321. 
  • Schweinfurt C. Orchids of Peru. Fieldiana Bot. 1958, 30: 1–260. 
  • Szlachetko D.L. Studies on Spirantheae (Orchidaceae) I. Varia. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. 1996, 41: 845–863. 
  • Sheviak C. A new Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) from the cienegas of southernmost Arizona. Rhodora. 1990, 92: 213–231. 

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