自我傷害

有意且直接地傷害身體組織的行為

自我傷害(英語:Self-harm),又稱自傷自殘(self-injury),是指有意且直接地傷害身體組織的行為,當事人一般沒有自殺的意圖[1][2][3]。无论是否有自杀意图, “自残”经常被滥用于任何有自我伤害的情况。[2][4] 較近期的文獻多會使用“自我傷害”和“自傷”去取代較不中立的「自殘」,特別是《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊第五版》出版以後。

自我傷害
又称蓄意自我傷害 、自傷、非自杀性自我伤害
自傷所造成的前臂傷疤
类型創傷autoaggression[*]有意行為[*]
治療心理治療
分类和外部资源
醫學專科精神科
ICD-10X84
DiseasesDB30605、​29126
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

最常見的自傷方法是使用尖銳的物體割破當事人自身的皮膚,但自傷也包括各式各樣的行為,包括自焚、划伤身體部位、把身體撞向硬物、用拳頭或其他會造成傷害的物件打向自己、干擾傷口癒合(摳皮症英语dermatillomania)、拔毛(拔毛癖),以及攝入有毒物質[2][5][6]

物質濫用进食障碍一般不會視作自傷,因為所造成的組織損傷通常都是無意的附加後果[7]。以及纹身和穿孔等社会可接受的身体修饰一也不被认为是自我伤害。[8]然而,相關定義的界線並不總是明確的:如果當事人故意以一些通常不視作自傷的行為傷害自己,那麼亦可界定為自傷[7]

雖然自殺並不是自傷者的意圖,但自傷與自殺之間存在著一段複雜的關係,因自傷行為具有致命的潛在風險[9]。自傷者擁有相對較高的自殺風險[5][10];40–60%的自殺者亦曾出現過一定程度的自傷行為[11]。儘管如此,只有少数自残者有自杀倾向。仍不能归纳性地認定大多數自傷者最終都會自殺[12][13]

有很多种疾病会导致「對自我伤害的渴求」。自我伤害是一些人格障碍的普遍症状。除此之外,有研究表明很多心理疾患的患者也会有该症状,包括抑郁症焦虑症自閉症譜系障礙創傷後壓力症候群精神分裂症物质滥用、情绪障碍、进食障碍創傷後壓力症候群精神分裂症解离障碍的人,以及经历性别焦虑症的人[2]。同时该研究证明自我伤害是自我惩罚功能的一种表现形式,根据研究自我伤害的动机可能是阶段性的反分离、反自杀、寻求感觉和人际关系影响, 根据个例不同, 自我伤害的动机各不相同[2]。在没有潜在心理健康诊断的高功能个体中也会发生自我伤害[14]。有些人将自我伤害用作因应,暂时缓解焦虑、抑郁、压力、情绪麻木或失败感等强烈情绪。自我伤害通常与创伤史有关,包括情感和性虐待[15] 有许多不同的手段可用于治疗自我伤害,这些手段有些是专注于治疗根本原因, 有些是治疗自我伤害行为本身。其他方法包括回避治疗,重点是让个人忙于其他活动,或用不会导致永久损害的更安全的方法取代自我伤害的行为。[16] 自我伤害往往始于青春期。在童年的自我伤害相对罕见,但自20世纪80年代以来,比例有所上升。[17]老年人也有可能有自我伤害的行为。[18]自残的老年人严重受伤和自杀的风险更高。[19]被人类的圈养动物中, 鸟类和猴子也被观察到有自我伤害行为。[20]关于自我伤害的一个常见观念是,这是一种寻求注意力的行为;在许多情况下,这个观念是错误的。许多自我伤害者对暴露自己伤口和疤痕非常在意,对自己的行为感到内疚,导致他们不遗余力地向他人隐瞒自己的行为。[21]他们可能会为自己的伤害找一些借口,或用衣服隐藏他们的伤疤。[22][23]

參考文獻

  1. ^ Laye-Gindhu, A.; Schonert-Reichl, Kimberly A., Nonsuicidal Self-Harm Among Community Adolescents: Understanding the "Whats" and "Whys" of Self-Harm, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2005, 34 (5): 447–457, doi:10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Klonsky, D., The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence, Clinical Psychological Review, 2007, 27 (2): 226–239, PMID 17014942, doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002 
  3. ^ Muehlenkamp, J. J., Self-Injurious Behavior as a Separate Clinical Syndrome, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 2005, 75 (2): 324–333, PMID 15839768, doi:10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.324 
  4. ^ Groschwitz RC, Plener P. The Neurobiology of Non-suicidal Self-injury (NSSI) : A review (PDF). Suicidology Online: 24–32. [2018-03-07]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-20). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Skegg, K., Self-harm, Lancet, 2005, 366: 1471–1483, doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67600-3 
  6. ^ Truth Hurts Report, Mental Health Foundation, 2006 [2008-06-11], ISBN 978-1-903645-81-9, (原始内容存档于2019-11-02) 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Klonsky, E. D., Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: An Introduction, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2007, 63 (11): 1039–43, PMID 17932979, doi:10.1002/jclp.20411 
  8. ^ Klonsky 2007b,第1040頁: "[B]ehaviors associated with substance and eating disorders—such as alcohol abuse, binging, and purging—are usually not considered self-injury because the resulting tissue damage is ordinarily an unintentional sideeffect. In addition, body piercings and tattoos are typically not considered self-injury because they are socially sanctioned forms of cultural or artistic expression. However, the boundaries are not always clear-cut. In some cases behaviors that usually fall outside the boundaries of self-injury may indeed represent self-injury if performed with explicit intent to cause tissue damage."
  9. ^ Farber, S.; et al, Death and annihilation anxieties in anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and self-mutilation, Psychoanalytic Psychology, 2007, 24 (2): 289–305, doi:10.1037/0736-9735.24.2.289 
  10. ^ Haw, C.; et al, Psychiatric and personality disorders in deliberate self-harm patients, British Journal of Psychiatry, 2001, 178 (1): 48–54, PMID 11136210, doi:10.1192/bjp.178.1.48 
  11. ^ Hawton K., Zahl D. and Weatherall, R., Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital, British Journal of Psychiatry, 2003, 182: 537–542, PMID 12777346, doi:10.1192/bjp.182.6.537 
  12. ^ Fox, C; Hawton, K, Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescence, London: Jessica Kingsley, 2004, ISBN 978-1-84310-237-3 
  13. ^ Suyemoto, K. L., The functions of self-mutilation, Clinical Psychology Review, 1998, 18 (5): 531–554, PMID 9740977, doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00105-0 
  14. ^ Meltzer H, Lader D, Corbin T, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Brugha T. Non Fatal Suicidal Behaviour Among Adults aged 16 to 74 (PDF). Great Britain: The Stationery office. 2000 [2023-11-16]. ISBN 978-0-11-621548-2. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-03-15). 
  15. ^ Rea K, Aiken F, Borastero C. Building therapeutic staff: client relationships with women who self-harm. Women's Health Issues. 1997, 7 (2): 121–125. PMID 9071885. doi:10.1016/S1049-3867(96)00112-0. 
  16. ^ Klonsky ED, Glenn CR. Resisting Urges to Self-Injure. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. March 2008, 36 (2): 211–220. PMC 5841247 . PMID 29527120. doi:10.1017/S1352465808004128. 
  17. ^ Thomas B, Hardy S, Cutting P. Stuart and Sundeen's mental health nursing: principles and practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. 1997: 343. ISBN 978-0-7234-2590-8. 
  18. ^ Pierce D. Deliberate self-harm in the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 1987, 2 (2): 105–110. S2CID 145408278. doi:10.1002/gps.930020208. 
  19. ^ National Institute for Clinical Excellence. National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 16: Self-harm (PDF). The British Psychological Society. 2004 [2009-12-13]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-09-05). 
  20. ^ Jones IH, Barraclough BM. Auto-mutilation in animals and its relevance to self-injury in man. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. July 1978, 58 (1): 40–47. PMID 99981. S2CID 24737213. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1978.tb06918.x. 
  21. ^ Truth Hurts Report. Mental Health Foundation. 2006 [2008-06-11]. ISBN 978-1-903645-81-9. (原始内容存档于2019-11-02). 
  22. ^ Spandler H. Who's Hurting Who? Young people, self-harm and suicide. Manchester: 42nd Street. 1996. ISBN 978-1-900782-00-5. 
  23. ^ Pembroke LR (编). Self-harm – Perspectives from personal experience . Chipmunka/Survivors Speak Out. 1994. ISBN 978-1-904697-04-6. 

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