語調
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语调（英語：intonation），又稱語氣、口氣、音高，是指说话者交談發聲的音調，即说话者依據個人心情（态度、個性），讓声调的高低轻重音調，再附加上發聲的高低轻重音調；前者是文法上的音調、後者是心情上的音調。
| 语调升阶 语调降阶 | |
|---|---|
| ↗◌ | |
| ↘◌ | |
| IPA編號 | 510, 511 |
| 編碼 | |
| HTML碼（十進制） | ↗↘ |
| Unicode碼（十六進制） | U+2197 U+2198 |
示例
例如在汉语中，接到对方的電話，然後回應：「喂，你是谁？」，这样一句话，套上不同的语调，則会給人有不同的感受；說話者的语气平缓，表示心情较为平和或较为克制；說話者的语气高降调、重音明顯，表示心情不好或性格较为急躁。
參考文獻
- Интонация. Русская грамматика I. 科學出版社. 1980 （俄语）. （俄文）
- Bolinger, D. (1951) ‘Intonation – levels versus configurations’, Word 7, 199–200
- Brazil (1975) Discourse Intonation, University of Birmingham: English Language Research
- Brazil, Coultheart and Johns (1980) Discourse Intonation and Language Teaching, Longman
- Celce-Murcia, M., D. Brinton and J. Goodwin (1996) Teaching Pronunciation, Cambridge University Press
- Cooper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth, Introduction to English Prosody, 1986, Edward Arnold
- Cruttenden, A. (1997) Intonation (Second Edition), Cambridge University Press
- Crystal, D. (1969) Prosodic Systems and Intonation in English, Cambridge University Press
- Crystal, D. (1975) 'Prosodic features and linguistic theory', in The English Tone of Voice, Edward Arnold
- Crystal, D. and R. Quirk (1964) Systems of Prosodic and Paralinguistic Features in English, Mouton
- Gussenhoven, C. (2004). The Phonology of Tone and Intonation, Cambridge University Press.
- Halliday, M.A.K. (1967) Intonation and Grammar in British English, Mouton
- Halliday, M.A.K., and Greaves, W.S., Intonation in the Grammar of English, London, Equinox, 2008.
- Hirst, D.J. & Di Cristo, A. (eds) 1998. Intonation Systems. A survey of Twenty Languages. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press). [ISBN 0521395135 (Hardback); ISBN 0-521-39550-X (Paperback)].
- Jones, Daniel (1964) An Outline of English Phonetics, Heffer.
- Ladd, D. Robert. (2009). Intonational Phonology, 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press.
- Lee, W.R. (1958) English Intonation: A New Approach, North-Holland
- Lian, A-P. Intonation Patterns of French, River Seine Publications, Melbourne, 1980. http://www.andrewlian.com/andrewlian/prowww/ipf_teacher/ipf_teacher.pdf （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Liu F, Patel AD, Fourcin A, Stewart L. (2010). Intonation processing in congenital amusia: discrimination, identification and imitation. Brain. 133(Pt 6):1682–93. doi:10.1093/brain/awq089 PMID 20418275
- Michaud, A. and J. Vaissière (2015). Tone and intonation: introductory notes and practical recommendations. KALIPHO - Kieler Arbeiten zur Linguistik und Phonetik 3. 43–80. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01091477v3/document （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- O'Connor, J.D. and G.F. Arnold (1961, 1973) The Intonation of Colloquial English, Longman
- Palmer, H.E. (1922) English Intonation with Systematic Exercises, Heffer.
- Pierrehumbert, Janet B. (1980) "The Phonology and Phonetics of English Intonation" Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, published by Indiana Linguistics Club 1987.
- Pike, K.L. (1945) The Intonation of American English, University of Michigan Press.
- Roach, Peter (2009) English Phonetics and Phonology, (Fourth Edition), Cambridge University Press.
- Schack, Katrina. "Comparison of intonation patterns in Mandarin and English for a particular speaker", University of Rochester Working Papers in the Language Sciences, Spring 2000, no. 1: p. 29. https://web.archive.org/web/20080821131034/http://www.bcs.rochester.edu/cls/s2000n1/schack.pdf
- Shen, Xiao-nan Susan. The Prosody of Mandarin Chinese. Vol. 118 of University of California Publications in Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. p. 95.
- Trager, G. and H.Smith (1951) An Outline of English Structure, American Council of Learned Societies.
- Trager, G. (1964) 'The intonation system of American English', in Abercrombie D. et al. In Honour of Daniel Jones, Longman
- Wells, J.C. (2006) English Intonation: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press.
外部連接
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