里奇男孩
里奇男孩(Ritchie Boys)[1]是一个美国特种部队,由德国-奥地利裔美国军事情报局军官和二战士兵组成,在马里兰州华盛顿县的里奇营(Camp Ritchie)接受训练。他们中的许多人是逃离纳粹迫害的犹太人[2][3],由于对德国语言和文化的了解,他们主要在欧洲前线审讯囚犯和并从事反情报工作。此外,他们还作为检察官和翻译参与了纽伦堡审判。[4]
Fort Ritchie | |
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美国陆军的一部分 | |
马里兰州华盛顿县 | |
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坐标 | 39°42′19.1″N 77°29′45.6″W / 39.705306°N 77.496000°W |
历史 | |
使用时期 | 1926–1998 |
战役 | 二战 |
驻军状态 | |
历任指挥官 | Colonel Butz |
里奇营
里奇男孩[1]由约15,200名军人组成,他们中大约14%(2,200人)是出生在德国或奥地利的犹太难民,被安排到一起是因为他们能流利地使用德语、法语、意大利语、波兰语或二战期间美军所需的其他语言。他们中有被征召入伍的,也有自愿加入的。参与该计划的一些犹太难民最初抵达美国时还是儿童,许多人甚至没有父母伴随,即“One Thousand Children”。
他们在里奇营的军事情报培训中心(Military Intelligence Training Center)接受了培训,这里即后来的里奇堡(1998年关闭)[5]。他们接受了情报、反情报、审讯、调查和心理战方面的训练[1],其中900人还在宾夕法尼亚州夏普营(Camp Sharpe)参加了训练。犹太难民比大多数美国出生的士兵更懂德语,也更了解德国人的心态和行为[6]。他们在前线工作,负责审讯、分析德国的军人和计划、削弱敌人的士气。他们大部分都加入了美國陸軍反情报部队(Counter Intelligence Corps)。
欧洲
1941年12月11日德国对美国宣战后,里奇男孩成为了盟军的重要武器。他们中的许多人在1944年6月6日诺曼底登陆后进入欧洲战场[7]。他们离开了部队,开始执行其特殊任务,为盟军提供了不少有价值的信息。此外,里奇男孩还会审问战俘和叛逃者,以获取德军兵力、部队调动以及德军身心状态相关信息。[8]
战后
美国陆军的一份战后机密报告指出,在欧洲收集的可靠情报中有近60%来自里奇男孩。[2]
战后,许多里奇男孩成为翻译或审讯员,其中一些参与了纽伦堡审判。里奇男孩于2011年7月23日至25日在密歇根州法明顿希尔斯的大屠杀纪念中心首次重聚[9]。
参考文献
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 John Patrick Finnegan, Military Intelligence, Center of Military History United States Army, Washington, D.C., 1998.. [2022-03-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-23). 引用错误:带有name属性“Finnegan”的
<ref>
标签用不同内容定义了多次 - ^ 2.0 2.1 Henderson, Bruce. Sons and Soldiers: The Untold Story of the Jews Who Escaped the Nazis and Returned with the U.S. Army to Fight Hitler. New York: William Morrow. 2017 [2022-03-28]. ISBN 978-0062419095. OCLC 1014240736. (原始内容存档于2020-10-20) (英语). 引用错误:带有name属性“Henderson”的
<ref>
标签用不同内容定义了多次 - ^ Foy, David A. Intelligence in Literature and Media: Reviewed: Sons and Soldiers: The Untold Story of the Jews Who Escaped the Nazis and Returned with the US Army to Fight Hitler. Studies in Intelligence (Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency). 2017-10-02, 61 (3) [12 May 2021]. (原始内容存档于6 December 2017).
- ^ Ritchie Boys: The secret U.S. unit bolstered by German-born Jews who helped the Allies beat Hitler. www.cbsnews.com. [2022-01-07]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-31) (美国英语).
- ^ Fort Ritchie at Cascade. 5 July 2008 [12 May 2021]. (原始内容存档于5 July 2008).
Fort Ritchie is a new mixed-use development on a 591-acre former Army post in Cascade, Maryland. Corporate Office Properties Trust
- ^ Kurt Frank Korf, quoted in Patricia Kollander, I Must be a Part of this War: A German American's Fight against Hitler and Nazism, Fordham University Press, 2005 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) ISBN 0-8232-2528-3; p. 109.
- ^ Gilbert, James L., John P. Finnegan and Ann Bray. In the Shadow of the Sphynx: A History of Army Counterintelligence (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), History Office, Office of Strategic Management and Information, US Army Intelligence and Security Command, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, Dec 2005; p. 33. ISBN 1234461366
- ^ Fine, Sabrina. Holocaust refugee turned American Soldier never forgot the horrors he witnessed. 502nd Air Base Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (United States Air Force). April 17, 2020 [12 May 2021]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-12).
My friend and comrade Fred Howard found that the German soldiers were afraid beyond everything else of landing in Russian captivity,” Stern said. “We played on that fear by telling the enemy soldiers that we had orders to turn them over to the Russians if they did not cooperate. We got vital info for our Air Force that way. I disguised myself as a Soviet commissar and liaison officer. I donned a Russian uniform for that purpose; Fred played a soft-hearted American.
- ^ Holocaust Memorial Center Hosts 'The Ritchie Boys' Exhibit. CBS Detroit. 23 July 2011 [31 August 2019]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-28).
外部链接
- Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. MD-104, "U.S. Army Garrison Fort Ritchie, Upper Lake Dam, Fort Ritchie Military Reservation, Cascade, Washington County, MD", 8 photos, 11 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
- HAER No. MD-105, "U.S. Army Garrison Fort Ritchie, Lower Lake Dam", 9 photos, 13 data pages, 2 photo caption pages