User:Aizag/工作區8
庫斯克會戰 | |||||||||
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第二次世界大战東方戰線的一部分 | |||||||||
![]() 庫斯克會戰局勢示意圖 | |||||||||
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参战方 | |||||||||
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指挥官与领导者 | |||||||||
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兵力 | |||||||||
衛城作戰︰蘇軍反攻階段︰ | 衛城作戰︰ 蘇軍反攻階段︰ | ||||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||||
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庫斯克會戰是第二次世界大战期間納粹德國與苏联於1943年7月至8月在俄羅斯南部库尔斯克發生的決定性戰役,由蘇軍取得勝利。該戰役是軍事史上規模最大的一場戰鬥[40][41][42],並與數個月前發生的史達林格勒戰役常被並列為是二戰歐洲戰場的兩個轉捩點[43][44],也是二戰戰事最為激烈、損失最大的戰鬥之一[45][46][47][44][48]、史上最致命的單一裝甲戰役[49],在本次戰役首日的7月5日也是空戰史上傷亡最多的當日空戰[50][51],雙方在戰鬥期間亦出現激烈的逐戶戰鬥與肉搏戰[52]。
本次戰役始於德軍於7月5日發動的「衛城作戰」,目標是透過從南北方向同時攻擊庫斯克突出部根部來圍殲其中的蘇軍。7月12日,突出部北部的德軍攻勢被遏止後,蘇軍發動「庫圖佐夫行動」,對北部德軍後方展開其庫斯克戰略進攻戰役;而突出部南部,蘇軍也於同日發動猛烈的反攻,雙方也因此爆發大規模的裝甲戰衝突——普洛霍羅夫卡戰役。8月3日,蘇軍展開庫斯克戰略進攻戰役第二階段行動——別爾哥羅德-卡爾可夫進攻戰役(魯緬采夫行動),對南部德軍發動進攻。
德軍希望圍殲庫斯克突出部的蘇軍來削弱後者1943年夏季的進攻潛力[53]。希特勒認為此戰的勝利將重新鞏固德國的實力、提高其於軸心國集團中的威信,這些盟友正考慮退出戰爭[54]。另外還希望能俘虜大量蘇軍作為德國軍工業的奴隸勞動力[55]。蘇聯政府事先得知了德軍的意圖,這部分是由英國情報部門對高級德國陸軍電報的分析提供的。蘇軍提前幾個月就知道攻擊將落在庫斯克突出部根部,因此建立了縱深防禦工事以削弱德軍的裝甲矛頭[56]。德軍推遲了進攻,試圖增強兵力並等待新武器[57][58][59],給了蘇軍時間構築一系列深層防禦帶[60],並建立了大量的後備部隊以進行反攻[61],一名德軍軍官將庫斯克描述為「另一場凡爾登」[62]。
庫斯克戰役是二戰德國在東線發動的最後一次戰略攻勢。由於戰役期間盟軍登陸義大利西西里島,阿道夫·希特勒被迫將在法國訓練的部隊調往地中海應對,而不是將這些部隊作為東線的戰略後備力量[63],而希特勒在庫斯克戰役僅進行一週後就取消了攻勢,部分原因也是要將部隊調往義大利[64]。德軍大量的人員和戰車的損失使蘇軍得以在戰爭剩餘期間擁有戰略主動權,本戰役是德軍在二戰首次未能突破敵方防線並深入到戰略縱深的戰略攻勢[65][66],儘管此前蘇軍曾於冬季攻勢中取勝,但在庫斯克戰役後的反攻卻是其首次成功的夏季攻勢[67]。
背景
隨著1943年初史達林格勒戰役的結束,蘇聯紅軍於南俄發動代號小土星行動的全面攻勢。是年1月,德軍B集團軍和頓河集團軍間已有160到300公里寬的缺口,蘇軍的進攻也直接使頓河以南的所有德軍,包括正在高加索作戰的A集團軍面臨被切斷後路的危機[68][69]。1943年2月8日,蘇軍收復庫斯克,2月14日又奪回了羅斯托夫[70],蘇軍接連投入布良斯克方面軍、西方面軍和新成立的中央方面軍準備發起新一波攻勢,包圍盤踞於布良斯克和斯摩棱斯克的德軍中央集團軍[68][71]。至1943年2月,德軍於南方戰區有戰略崩潰的危險[72]。
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The battle of Kursk is considered the biggest land battle of the Second World War, indeed the biggest in all of military history. During the fighting the two sides deployed more than 4 million troops, 69,000 cannon and launchers, 13,000 tanks and self-propelled guns, and almost 12,000 aircraft. Even the battle of Stalingrad seems small-scale in comparison . . . As the Red Army had massed a large part of its forces in the Kursk salient, the outcome was the greatest land battle of the Second World War, indeed the greatest in all the history of war.
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