User:H. Sylvanus/索科特拉語
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| 索科特拉語 | |
|---|---|
| ماتڸ دسقطري | |
| 发音 | [ˈmɛtalˠ disaˈk’ɔtˤri][1] |
| 母语国家和地区 | 也門索科特拉島 |
| 族群 | 索科特拉人 |
母语使用人数 | 70,000 （2015年）[2] |
| 語系 | |
| 語言代碼 | |
| ISO 639-3 | sqt |
| Glottolog | soqo1240[3] |
 | |
索科特拉語（索科特拉語：ماتڸ دسقطري，羅馬化：mɛ́taḷ di-saḳɔ́ṭri；阿拉伯语：اللغة السقطرية，羅馬化：al-luḡah al-suquṭriyyah；英語：Soqotri）是閃米特語族南閃米特語語支下的一種語言，與希伯來語、阿拉伯語、阿姆哈拉語同屬一個語族。索科特拉語的使用者主要為瓜達富伊海峽上索科特拉島以及毗鄰阿卜德庫里與薩姆哈島的居民，與邁赫拉語、山地語、拜特赫爾語、哈爾蘇西語和霍卜約特語合稱為現代南阿拉伯半島語言。
分類
索科特拉語常被誤認為阿拉伯語的方言，但其實正式分類為亞非語系閃米特語族南閃米特語語支下的一種現代南阿拉伯半島語言。[4]
音系
| 雙唇音 | 齒齦音 | 硬齶音 | 軟齶音 | 咽音 | 喉音 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中央 | 邊 | |||||||
| 鼻音 | m | n | ||||||
| 塞音 | 清 | t | k | ʔ | ||||
| 濁 | b | d | ɡ | |||||
| 喉壁化 | tˤ | kʼ | ||||||
| 擦音 | 清 | f | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | ħ | h |
| 濁 | z | ʒ | ɣ | ʕ | ||||
| 喉壁化 | sˤ | ɮˤ | ʃˤ | |||||
| 顫音 | r | |||||||
| 近音 | w | l lˠ | j jʰ | |||||
| 前 | 後 | |
|---|---|---|
| 閉 | i | u |
| 半閉 | e ø | o |
| 半開 | ɛ | (ɔ) |
| 開 | a | |
| 鼻化 | ã ẽ | |
^1 /k/與/g/的正常音位分別為[kʲ] and [gʲ].[1]
^2 /d/在詞末發[tˤ]。（例：/ˈsɛrɛd/ [ˈsɛrɛtˤ]「一名少年」）.[1]
^3 本土的/x/和/ɣ/在中部和東部方言分別與/ħ/和/ʕ/合併，在西部方言則保存下來。/x/與/ɣ/音在中部和東部方言衹出現在阿拉伯語借詞，如/ˈxalfe/ 「窗」、/ˈɣali/「昂貴」（阿拉伯語為/ɣaːliː/）.[1]
^4 /ʕ/在詞末發[ˀħ]。(例：/ˈkʼalˠaʕ/ [ˈkʼalˠaˀħ]「他扔了」)[1][ˀħ]亦不時出現在名詞和形容詞中間，如[ˈmiˀħo]「小腸」的雙數為[ˈmiʕi]；從此可見，在大部分情況中[ˀħ]為/ʕ/和/h/合併出來的變體，因此上述例子可重新分析為/ˈmiʕho/和/ˈmiʕi/.[1]
^6 /r/有時齶化成[rʲ]，如/ˈrabaħ/ [ˈrʲabaħ].[1]
^7 /i/在開音節時，在/tˤ sˤ ʃˤ ɮˤ kʼ lˠ/等喉壁化輔音後發[ɨʲ]，在閉音節發[ɨ]（例：/ʕaˈlˠiti/ [ʕa'lˠɨʲti]「兩隻牙齒」、/sˤiˈtˤoʕo/ [sˤɨʲˈtˤoʕo] "她剛才餓", /ˈmasˤil/、[ˈmasˤɨl]「他採集了龍血樹的樹脂」).[1]
^8 /u/通常發作自由變體[ou]，但亦可發[u]；[u]在/ʔ/、/ʕ/前後以及/n/後等位置更常見。[1]
^9 /e/沒有重音時發[ɨ]，有重音時也有時發[ɨ]（例：/ʔeˈk’anem/ [ʔɨ'k’anɨm]「我餵」、/ˈsejjod/ ['sɨjjotˤ]）[1] After /ɬ ɮˤ j jʰ k g/ it is usually pronounced [i] (/ˈdeker/ ['dekʲir], /ˈjefoɬ/ ['jifoɬ]).[1][e~ɨ] ([a] after /ħ/) is optionally inserted to break initial /CC-/ clusters and mandatorily after initial /CCC-/ clusters (e.g. /ʃbaħ/ [ʃ(e)ˈbaħ] "he stretched", /tħlˠɛf/ [tħaˈlˠɛf] "may she replace").[1]
^10 [ø] is usually a labialized allophone of /e/, typically occurring under stress before a labial (/m b f w/) or emphatic (/tˤ sˤ ʃˤ ɮˤ kʼ lˠ/) consonant if /o/ is present in the following syllable (e.g. /ˈfelˠho/ [ˈfølˠho] "calves", /ˈtebod/ [ˈtøbod] "she lies").[1] It can also appear as an allophone of /o/ after /ɬ ɮˤ j jʰ k g/ (e.g. /gobk/ [gʲøbk] "I suspected", /ˈɬoʔom/ ['ɬøʔom] "he sold") and in the passive form of suffix conjugation from roots IIIw/y (e.g. /beˈnøwe/ "it was built").[1] It does appear to have minimal pairs with /e/ in some verbal patterns, compare /ˈkʼøbor/ "he buried" and /ˈføsˤar/ "he squashed" with /ˈkʼeber/ "they buried" and /ˈfesˤar/ "it got squashed".[5]
^11 [ɔ] could be evaluated as a positional allophone of /o/, appearing usually but not exclusively in the neighborhood of the nasal (e.g. /fɔnɬ/ "breath", /geˈmɔhɔlˠ/ "she-camel"). But there are minimal pairs like /ho/ "I" and /hɔ/ [a form of address].
^12 In the verbal paradigm [a] acts like a positional allophone of /ɛ/ around pharyngeals. But in nouns and adjectives there are minimal pairs (e.g. /bar/ "strength", /bɛr/ "open place", /ˈnɛfaʕ/ "word", /ˈnafaʕ/ "he worked").[1][5]
^13 The nasal vowels only appear in one word each, /ʕãj/ (< /ʕan/) and /kẽj/ (< /ken/) both mean "from him".[1]
參考文獻
- ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Huehnergard, John; Pat-El, Na'ama. The Semitic Languages 2nd: 282–288. 2019-01-01. ISBN 9780367731564.
- ^ 索科特拉語于《民族语》的链接（第19版，2016年）
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Soqotri. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Soqotri. Ethnologue. [2017-05-04].
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Kogan, Leonid; Naumkin, Vitaly. The vowels of Soqotri as a phonemic system. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 2014, 44: 57–79. ISSN 0308-8421.