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福克50/福克60
城捷航空的一架福克50
类型 支线民航飞机
原产国 荷兰
制造商 福克公司
首飞 1985年10月28日
起役日期 1987年
状态 已停产，服役中
主要用户 阿玛波拉航空（英语：Amapola Flyg）
向天快运（英语：Skyward Express）
卡伦航空（英语：Karun Airlines）
联盟航空（英语：Alliance Airlines）
生產年份 1985年–1997年
制造数量 213架
单位成本 $1750万美元
发展自 福克F27
Fokker 50 / Fokker 60
Fokker 50 of CityJet
类型 Airliner
原产国 Netherlands
制造商 Fokker
首飞 28 December 1985
起役日期 1987
状态 Out of production, in service
主要用户 Amapola Flyg
Skyward International
Karun Airlines
Alliance Airlines
生產年份 1985 – 1997
制造数量 213
单位成本 US$17.5 million
发展自 Fokker F27

福克50是荷兰福克公司制造的涡轮螺旋桨动力民航飛機，是高度成功的福克F27友谊的改进和继任型号。福克60是福克50的加长货运版本。

1980年代早期，福克公司因F27飞机的销量下降而发展了福克50。福克50被设计为其前任飞机的衍生型号，共用大部分机身和设计特点，但同时加入新技术和数项改进，包括安装普拉特&惠特尼加拿大PW127B（英语：Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100）涡轮螺旋桨发动机，这样可以较F27降低30%油耗。

福克50在1985年12月28日首飞，于1987年开始商业运营。福克60仅曾由荷蘭皇家空軍运营。

The Fokker 50 is a turboprop-powered airliner, designed as a refinement of and successor to the highly successful Fokker F27 Friendship. The Fokker 60 is a stretched freighter version of the Fokker 50. Both aircraft were manufactured and supported by Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker.

The Fokker 50 was developed during the early 1980s following a decline in the sales of the company's earlier F27 Friendship. It was decided that the new airliner would be a derivative of its predecessor, sharing much of its airframe and design features, while incorporating new advances and several improvements, such as the adoption of Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127B turboprop engines, in order to produce a successor that had a 30 per cent reduction in fuel consumption over the F27.

The Fokker 50 performed its maiden flight on 28 December 1985, and entered revenue service during 1987. The Fokker 60 has been operated by the Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF), ex-RNLAF aircraft are also in service with the Peruvian Naval Aviation and the Republic of China's Air Force.

发展

福克50

1980年代早期，荷兰飞机制造商福克公司确定该公司自1958年开始持续生产的涡轮螺旋桨动力飞机福克F27友谊的销量开始衰退。[1]由此，公司决定为就其现有产品线的关键要素为后续机型展开一系列设计研究。这些研究以F27和福克F28伙伴喷气式飞机为中心。1983年11月，福克决定同时开始两个开发项目，开发一对新飞机，分别是继任F27的福克50和继任F28的福克100。[1]福克50项目遭遇了一些延迟，导致最后一架F27交付后一年多才交付第一架福克50。[2]

Development

Fokker 50

By the early 1980s, the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker, who had identified that sales of the Fokker F27 Friendship, a turboprop-powered airliner which had been in continual production since 1958, were beginning to decline.[1] Accordingly, the company decided to conduct a series of design studies for follow-up products to the key elements of their existing product line, these being the centered around the F27 and the Fokker F28 Fellowship jet airliner. In November 1983, Fokker decided to commence simultaneous work on two development projects to develop a pair of new airliners - these being the Fokker 100, which was to succeed the F28, and the Fokker 50, which was the successor to the F27.[1] The Fokker 50 programme suffered some delays, leading to the first aircraft being delivered more than a year following the final F27 delivery.[1]

福克50结合了对F27进行的各种修正和改进。[1]通过结合这些修改，并安装更新的普拉特&惠特尼加拿大PW127B（英语：Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100）涡轮螺旋桨发动机，福克将飞机的油耗逐步降低了30%。福克50相比F27的主要进步还包括在生产过程中采用更新的螺旋桨设计，提高复合材料的应用比例，机翼设计调整和更高的驾驶舱自动化水平。[1]

The Fokker 50 was basically an amalgamation of various refinements and improvements which had been made to the design of the F27 Friendship.[1] As a result of these modifications, such as the adoption of Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127B turboprop engines, Fokker was able to progressively reduce the F27's fuel consumption by 30 per cent. Various different propeller designs were adopted over timespan of the aircraft's production, while an increasing proportion of composite materials were used in the airframe, adjustments to the wing design, and a higher degree of cockpit automation were areas of major advances of the Fokker 50 over its predecessor.[1]

福克与数家公司合作生产了福克50的部分部件，包括由比利时SABCA生产机翼，由法国達梭航太制造机身分段，由德国梅塞施密特-伯尔科-布洛姆（英语：Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm）制造襟翼、副翼和背鳍，由日本富士重工業制造方向舵和升降舵，并由印度印度斯坦航空有限公司制造水平安定面。[1]福克50共有两架原型机，但仍使用F27的机身，第一架原型机于1985年12月28日首飞。但第一架生产型飞机直至1987年2月才首飞。1987年5月15日，福克50通过荷兰航空管理当局皇家航空服务部门（荷兰语：Rijksluchtvaartdienst）（荷蘭語：Rijksluchtvaartdienst，RLD）认证取得型号合格证。第一架生产型飞机随即于当年8月交付给德国航空运输有限公司（德語：Deutsche Luftverkehrsgesellschaft mbH，简称DLT）。DLT与澳洲安捷航空是福克50的启动客户。

Fokker partnered with several companies to manufacture portions of the Fokker 50; these included the wing being produced by Belgian aerospace firm SABCA, fuselage sections made by French aircraft manufacturer Dassault Aviation, flaps and other components manufactured by German aerospace company Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB), and vertical stabilizers and horizontal stabilizers built by Japanese multinational corporation Fuji Heavy Industries.[1] A pair of prototypes, derived from F27 airframes, were produced; on 28 December 1985, the first of these prototypes performed its maiden flight.[3] In 1987, certification of the Fokker 50 by the Dutch aviation authority RLD was successfully completed, and the first production aircraft was subsequently delivered to German airline DLT Luftverkehrsgesellschaft mbH (DLT). DLT and Ansett Airlines of Australia served as the airliner's launch customers.

停产和进一步发展

 
1987年8月，福克50的总装线

1994年，福克的业务已经遭受了相当可观的损失，这导致福克50的生产速度降低，并威胁到其长期生存能力。[4]1995年早期，福克公司开始了一项大型重组计划，包括自10400名员工裁员至6700人，出售办公楼和一座工厂，并与供应商重新谈判价格。[5]1995年7月，由于损失继续增加，福克公司与荷兰政府就可能的纾困条款进入了谈判。[6]福克的控股公司，戴姆勒-奔驰航空航天股份公司（英语：DASA）（DASA）同意持续为福克提供救援协议，但这也取决于荷兰政府的参与。DASA称由于资金缺口极大，其无法独自补齐差距。[7][8]1996年1月22日，由于未能获得荷兰政府的让步，戴姆勒-奔驰的董事会决定停止援助福克。[9]福克公司随即试图寻找新的资金来源，包括龐巴迪宇航、中国航空工业集团和三星，但相关谈判均未取得结果。[10][11]

Termination and further development

 
Fokker 50 airliners being assembled, August 1987

During 1994, Fokker had been incurring sizable losses on its operations, which led to cuts in the output of the Fokker 50 and threatened its long term viability.[12] During early 1995, the firm embarked upon a major restructuring programme, including efforts to renegotiate prices with its suppliers, in what was viewed by aerospace publication Flight International as a last-ditch effort to save the company in its current form.[13][14] By July 1995, Fokker was in negotiations with the Dutch government over the terms for a potential bailout of the company as losses continued to mount.[15][16] Fokker's owner, Daimler-Benz Aerospace AG (DASA), had agreed to provide a rescue deal for the company, but this was contingent upon Dutch government participation.[17]

1996年3月15日，福克公司宣布破产。福克50的生产随即停止。[11][18]福克遭遇的财务困难有部分是因为福克50和福克100项目出现了巨额成本超支，以及福克销售这些飞机的地区的支线飞机市场激烈竞争，而福克50项目的延误无助于此。尽管最后12个月实现了生产成本效益的反复提高，但并不足以拯救这家公司。[1]

In March 1996, production of the Fokker 50 was terminated as a consequence of Fokker itself having been forced into a state of bankruptcy.[19][20] The financial difficulties suffered by the firm had been in part caused by the massive cost overruns which had been incurred on both the Fokker 50 and Fokker 100, as well as due to intense competition within the regional airliner sector that Fokker had designed and marketed these aircraft towards, which had not been helped by delays to the program in the face of multiple modern competitors in the form of the Saab 340, ATR 42 and Bombardier Dash 8. Despite repeated increases cost-efficiency of production realised within the final 12 months of production, these did not prove enough to save the company.[21]

1997年，由于福克公司已进入清算阶段，最后一架福克50被交付给客户。至项目结束时，福克50共生产了214架。[22]早在1996年5月，就有提案提议部分或完全重启福克50的生产线，印度印度斯坦航空有限公司也曾试图在印度建立福克50的总装线。但这些提案最终都未能实现。[23][24][25]

During 1997, as a result of the company having entered into liquidation, the final Fokker 50 aircraft was delivered that year. By the end of the program, a total of 213 Fokker 50s had been completed.[26] As early as May 1996, proposals for the partial or complete restart of production of the type were mooted, amongst these being interest from Indian aerospace firm Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in establishing a Fokker 50 assembly line in India, however these did not come about.[27][28][29]

1996年，福克服务公司成立。其持有福克50的型号合格证，为此机型的用户提供全面支持与服务，包括培训、后勤支持、维护、改装和工程服务。[30]至2006年8月，仍有171架福克50在航空公司运行，主要用户包括VLM航空（英语：VLM Airlines）（20架）、天路快运（英语：Skyways (airline)）（18架）、德尼姆航空（英语：Denim Air）（12架）和哥倫比亞航空（10架 ）[31]

In 1996, Fokker Services was established; holding the type certificate for the Fokker 50, the organisation provides comprehensive support and services to operators of the type, including training, logistics support, maintenance, modification, and engineering services.[32] By August 2006, a total of 171 Fokker 50 aircraft remained within airline service; major operators included: Avianca (10), Denim Air (12), Skyways Express (18) and VLM Airlines (20). Some 27 other airlines including Air Astana also operated smaller numbers of the type.[33] Between March 2013 and September 2014, a pair of Fokker 50s were based at EHLE Lelystad airport in their Royal Netherlands Air Force livery; both aircraft had been purchased by the Peruvian Navy and were subsequently transferred.[34]

福克60

 
荷蘭皇家空軍的福克60

福克60是福克50的军用加长版，比福克50长1.62米（5.3英尺），长度达到26.87米（88.2英尺）。[35]其在机身右侧驾驶舱后安装了大型货舱门，可用于货运。福克60只生产了4架，全部交付给了荷蘭皇家空軍，隶属于驻扎在埃因霍溫機場的第334中队。福克60可以被用于运输人员或设备，亦可用于空降行动。福克60计划中的民用版本可乘坐68名乘客，但直至福克公司破产仍未完成设计。[36]

2005年，作为荷蘭皇家海軍削减预算而决定退役P-3猎户座的临时解决方案，两架福克60被改装为反潜机。[37][38]这两架飞机在库拉索哈投空军基地驻扎了两年，然后于2007年10月被庞巴迪Dash-8反潜机所替换。由于荷兰皇家空军决定额外2架C-130運輸機，所有福克60因而退役。[39]福克60随后全部被存储在翁斯德雷赫特空军基地（英语：Woensdrecht Air Base），并于2010年被秘鲁海军航空队（英语：Peruvian Naval Aviation）购买。[40]两架反潜机于2010年6月8日交付，未改装的两架运输机于2010年12月3日交付。[38][41]

Fokker 60

 
Fokker 60 of the Royal Netherlands Air Force

The Fokker 60 is stretched version of the Fokker 50, being 1.62 m (5.31 ft) longer for a total length of 26.87 m (88.16 ft).[42] It featured a large cargo door on the right side, immediately behind the cockpit, for loading/unloading. Only four examples of the Fokker 60 were ever completed, all of which were delivered to the Royal Netherlands Air Force. All of them were part of 334 Squadron based at Eindhoven Airport. The type was typically used to transport equipment and soldiers, while it was occasionally used for paradrop operations as well.

Another 60 were under construction, but ultimately never completed due to Fokker's bankruptcy. In 2005, a pair of Fokker 60s (U-01, U-03) were converted to serve as maritime patrol aircraft as a temporary solution when it was decided to phase out the Royal Netherlands Navy P-3 Orions as a result of budget cuts. For two years, these aircraft were stationed at Hato AB Curaçao prior to their replacement in the form of civil-operated Bombardier DHC-8 aircraft in October 2007. Due to the Royal Netherlands Air Force having decided to procure two extra Lockheed C-130s, the Fokker 60s were phased out. All four Fokker 60 that were stored at Woensdrecht Air Base were sold to the Peruvian Naval Aviation, the first two planes were delivered on 8 June 2010 and the second batch of two planes were delivered at the end of 2010.

设计

 
福克50的驾驶舱

福克50由两台普拉特&惠特尼加拿大PW100（英语：Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100）渦輪螺旋槳發動機驱动。福克50有许多结构源于福克F27，特别是经过加长的F27-500型，其机身、机翼和尾翼的基本结构除去需求加强的各个部分外基本保持不变。福克50的机体广泛应用了复合材料、热粘合结构和防腐蚀处理。[30]福克50相较F27进行了数项改动，包括副翼外侧和翼梢上翘以起到与翼梢小翼类似的作用，福克公司将其昵称为“Foklets”；机身安装了更密间距的较小窗户；前起落架修改为无摇臂双轮布局。[43]引用错误：<ref>标签的name属性不能是单一的数字

Design

 
Cockpit of a Fokker 50

The Fokker 50 is a twin turboprop-powered airliner. It was based on the earlier highly successful Fokker F27 Friendship, specifically the stretched F27-500 model. Structurally, the Fokker 50 owes much to the F27; basic construction of the fuselage, wings and empennage, which made extensive use of composite materials, hot-bonded structures and anti-corrosion treatments, remained mainly unchanged between the two aircraft apart from the strengthening of various sections where required.[32] There were some changes made to specific areas of the aircraft, such as the wing being equipped with upturned ailerons and wingtips that effectively acted as wing endplates or winglets, it was also fitted with a larger number of smaller windows in the fuselage and a new two-wheel nose gear configuration, the latter enabling stable operations under uneven crosswind conditions.[32]

福克50相较F27的另一项重大改动是其所使用的发动机。F27使用罗尔斯-罗伊斯飞镖发动机（英语：Rolls-Royce Dart）驱动其各个改型，而福克50改用燃油经济性更佳的普拉特&惠特尼加拿大PW100发动机，驱动直径12英尺（3.7米）的道蒂·罗托（英语：Dowty Rotol）6叶螺旋桨。使用直径更大的低速螺旋桨与安装减震器使福克50无需主动噪音控制系统就可以使客舱平均噪音达到77分貝，低于许多支线飞机和涡轮螺旋桨飞机。[30]引用错误：<ref>标签的name属性不能是单一的数字[44]

Perhaps the most major design change from the preceding Fokker F27 was the choice of engines used for the Fokker 50. The original Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop engines that had powered various marks of the F27, which had broadly provided between 1,268-1715 kW (1,700-2,300 hp), were replaced by a pair of more fuel efficient Pratt & Whitney Canada PW124 powerplants, each capable of generating 1,864 kW (2,500 hp), which drove sets of six-bladed Dowty Rotol propellers. These slow-turning propellers, along with other measures such as vibration absorbers, eliminate the need for active noise control systems while providing an average cabin noise level of 77 dBs.[32]

福克50配备了玻璃驾驶舱，安装有电子飞行仪表系统和自动驾驶系统，后者经认证可进行仪表着陆系统第二类进近[30]驾驶舱亦安装了三优先级综合警报系统，向飞行员提供故障信息。[30]引用错误：<ref>标签的name属性不能是单一的数字

The Fokker 50, unlike the F27, was furnished with a glass cockpit which incorporated an electronic flight instrument system and an automatic flight control system, the latter being certified for conducting Cat II approaches.[32] The flying controls include a unique single lever that is capable of controlling both engine power and actuating the variable-pitch propellers, reducing complexity and pilot workload. The cockpit also features a three-stage integrated alerting system that issues warnings to the flying crew.[32]

 
福克50的正面视角

福克50可以运载62名乘客以286節（[convert: 不明單位]）的典型巡航速度飞行10801,080海里（2,000公里），比福克F27快2727節（[convert: 不明單位]）。典型客舱布局可布置46-56个座椅，包括头顶行李架和相对较宽的中央过道。飞机配备有4个1型舱门，左前舱门与登机梯一体。[30]引用错误：<ref>标签的name属性不能是单一的数字

 
Head-on view of a Fokker 50

The Fokker 50 can carry up to 62 passengers over a range of 1,080 nm (1,243 mi, 2,000 km ) at a typical speed of 286 knots (530 km/h 329 mph), a 27  knots (31 mph, 50 km/h) increase over the Fokker F27. Typical passenger seating arrangements range from 46-56 passengers, which includes overhead bins and a relatively wide central aisle.[32] The airliner features a total of 4 external doors along with integral airstairs, which enables quicker turnaround times through the faster egress and boarding of passengers and crew alike. Features such as an auxiliary power unit (APU), new generation slim seating and LED lighting in the cabin are also available as options and can be retrofitted to existing aircraft based upon customer demand.[32]

The Fokker 50 is capable of using the majority of airports worldwide, including operations from unpaved surfaces, and has been described as possessing "first-rate short field performance" and capable of performing steep approaches to access airports such as London City Airport.[32] The type has typically been marketed toward replacing older commuter and regional airliners in the 19-50 seat range.[32] Although of possessing a design heavily dependent upon a previous generation of airliners, the Fokker 50 has often been highly appreciated by owners and pilots alike for its reliability, economics and flight characteristics. According to Fokker Services, the Fokker 50 possesses relatively low operational costs per trip and attributes this to its low maintenance costs, high reliability, competitive support.[32]

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Eriksson and Steenhuis 2015, p. 44. 引用错误：带有name属性“erik steen 44”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  2. ^ Eriksson and Steenhuis 2015, pp. 44-45.
  3. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为AN的参考文献提供内容
  4. ^ Flight Global. Fokker losses hit record. [2019-12-01]. 
  5. ^ Flight Global. Fokker slashes costs in new restructuring plan. [2019-12-01]. 
  6. ^ Flight Global. Fokker in capital crisis as losses rise mount. [2019-12-02]. 
  7. ^ Flight Global. DASA stands by ailing Fokker. 
  8. ^ Flight Global. Fokker submits its bail-out plan to Dutch Government. [2019-12-02]. 
  9. ^ UPI. Daimler ends funding of Dutch Fokker. [2019-12-02]. 
  10. ^ Flight Global. A brief history of Fokker https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/a-brief-history-of-fokker-17503/. [2019-12-02].  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Flight Global. Fokker bankrupt. [2019-12-02]. 
  12. ^ "Fokker losses hit record." Flight International, 22 March 1995.
  13. ^ O'Toole, Kevin. "Fokker slashes costs in new restructuring plan." Flight International, 8 March 1995.
  14. ^ "Fokker plans new Indian link." Flight International, 17 May 1995.
  15. ^ O'Toole, Kevin. "Fokker in capital crisis as losses rise mount." Flight International, 12 July 1995.
  16. ^ Jeziorski, Andrzej. "Fokker submits its bail-out plan to Dutch Government." Flight International, 13 September 1995.
  17. ^ Jeziorski, Andrzej. "DASA stands by ailing Fokker." Flight International, 3 January 1996.
  18. ^ Flight Global. Fokker's future hangs in balance. [2019-12-02]. 
  19. ^ "Fokker's future hangs in balance." Flight International, 1 March 1996.
  20. ^ O'Toole, Kevin. "Fokker bankrupt." Flight International, 20 March 1996.
  21. ^ Eriksson and Steenhuis 2015, pp. 45-46, 55.
  22. ^ Fokker F50 / F60 Production List. Planespotters. [2019-12-02]. 
  23. ^ Kevin O'Toole. Fokkers could be back in production. Flight International. 1996-05-15 [2019-12-02]. 
  24. ^ HAL considers taking over assembly of Fokker 50. Flight International. 1996-12-18 [2019-12-02]. 
  25. ^ Fokker hopes focus on Malaysian rescue. Flight International. 1997-02-26 [2019-12-02]. 
  26. ^ Eriksson and Steenhuis 2015, pp. 45-46.
  27. ^ O'Toole, Kevin. "Fokkers could be back in production." Flight International, 15 May 1996.
  28. ^ "HAL considers taking over assembly of Fokker 50." Flight International, 18 December 1996.
  29. ^ "Fokker hopes focus on Malaysian rescue." Flight International, 26 February 1997.
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 Fokker services. FLYFokker_Fokker_50_Leaflet_2 (PDF). [2019-12-02]. 
  31. ^ Flight International, 3–9 October 2006.
  32. ^ 32.00 32.01 32.02 32.03 32.04 32.05 32.06 32.07 32.08 32.09 32.10 "Fokker 50: Top quality, cost-effective turboprop." Fokker Services, February 2014.
  33. ^ Flight International, 3–9 October 2006.
  34. ^ "Peruvian Navy buys surplus Dutch F50s." Flight International, Retrieved on 19 September 2014.
  35. ^ Fokker 60 delivery date set (PDF). Flight International. [2019-12-03]. 
  36. ^ Fokker 60 (PDF). Flight International. [2019-12-03]. 
  37. ^ Dutch fokkers. Flight International. 2004-06-29 [2019-12-03]. 
  38. ^ 38.0 38.1 Peruvian navy gets last two Fokker 60s from Netherlands. Flight International. 2010-12-15 [2019-12-03]. 
  39. ^ Joan le Poole. RNLAF Fokker 50s to Peruvian Navy. [2019-12-03]. 
  40. ^ Anno Gravemaker. Peru snaps up stored Dutch maritime patrol aircraft. Flight International. 2010-03-16 [2019-12-03]. 
  41. ^ Jorge Riveros. Peru's Navy incorporates two Fokker 60 aircraft. 2010-12-20 [2019-12-03]. 
  42. ^ Eriksson and Steenhuis 2015, p. 45.
  43. ^ 1986 - 0633 (PDF). Flight International. [2019-12-04]. 
  44. ^ 1988 - 1553 (PDF). Flight International. [2019-12-04]. 
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