User:Short Final/Drafts

「Fridging」重定向至此。关于other uses，请见「Fridge (disambiguation)」。

Women in Refrigerators

网站类型	漫画
语言	英文
持有者	蓋爾·西蒙尼
创始人	Daniel Merlin Goodbrey Rob Harris Gail Simone Beau Yarbrough John Bartol
网址	lby3.com/wir
注册	否
推出时间	1999年3月
现状	在线

冰箱里的女人 [1][2](Women in Refrigerators or WiR) is a website created in 是在1999年由一群女性主義漫画爱好者创建的网站，其中整理了女性角色负伤，被强奸，被杀害，或失去能力的超级英雄漫画书橋段 whereby female characters are affected by injury, raped, killed, or depowered 。这种情节被统称为fridging（“塞进电冰箱”），有时是为了激起男性英雄“保护欲”而安排，而通常是被作为一个推动男性角色故事发展的剧情工具。这一网站尝试分析为何此类剧情工具被不成比例地用在女性角色身上。

历史

File:WomaninRefrigerator.jpg

Panel from Green Lantern #54, the origin of the phrase

The term "Women in Refrigerators" was coined by writer 蓋爾·西蒙尼 as a name for the website in early 1999 during online discussions about comic books with friends. It refers to an incident in Green Lantern #54 (1994), written by Ron Marz, in which Kyle Rayner, the title hero, comes home to his apartment to find that his girlfriend, Alexandra DeWitt, had been killed by the villain Major Force and stuffed into a refrigerator. Simone and her colleagues then developed a list of fictional female characters who had been "killed, maimed or depowered", in particular in ways that treated the female characters as mere devices to move forward a male character's story arc, rather than as fully developed characters in their own right. The list was then circulated via the 互联网 over Usenet, BBSs, e-mail and 邮件列表s. Simone also e-mailed many comic book creators directly for their responses to the list.

The list is infamous in certain comic book fan circles. Respondents often found different meanings to the list itself, though Simone maintained that her simple point had always been: "If you demolish most of the characters girls like, then girls won't read comics. That's it!"

Journalist Beau Yarbrough created the initial design and coding on the original site. Technology consultant John Bartol edited the content. Robert Harris, a librarian and comic-book fan, contributed to site maintenance and updates along with fan John Norris. The idea for placing the list online originated with software developer Jason Yu, who also served as the original site host.

Creator response

Simone received numerous e-mail responses from comic book fans and professionals. Some responses were neutral and others were positive. Additionally, arguments on the merits of the list were published on comic-book fan sites in early 1999.

Simone published many of the responses she received on the website. 西蒙尼收到了来自漫画爱好者和业界人士的多封电子邮件。一些回应是中性的而另一些则是积极的。另外，在1999年初，漫画爱好者网站上也发生了针对这一列表的功过的讨论。西蒙尼在网站上发布了她收到的回应。

许多漫画作家表示这一列表使他们停下反省自己在创作中的故事。通常这些回应包含了支持或者反对使用女性角色死亡或负伤作为剧情工具的论据。网站上有一张漫画业界人士回应的列表。Marz的回应中写道（节录）：“对于我来说，真正的区别比起男性–女性之间，更多的是在主角–配角之间。在多数情况下，主人公，支撑自己刊物的‘标题人物’角色，是男性。 ...配角则是那些遭受更永久性和毁灭性悲剧的。而许多的配角是女性。”

Several comic book creators indicated that the list caused them to pause and think about the stories they were creating. Often these responses contained arguments for or against the use of death or injury of female characters as a plot device. A list of some responses from comic book professionals is included at the site. Marz's reply stated (in part) "To me the real difference is less male–female than main character-supporting character. In most cases, main characters, "title" characters who support their own books, are male. ... the supporting characters are the ones who suffer the more permanent and shattering tragedies. And a lot of supporting characters are female."

男人解冻

回应声称男性角色同样经常被杀害的爱好者，内容编辑John Bartol撰写了文章"Dead Men Defrosting"，其中指出当男性英雄被杀害或受变化时，他们更通常会被还原到自己过去的原状。根据Bartol的说法，大多数女性角色受变化之后她们“从不被允许像男性英雄们那样获得返回自己英雄身份的机会。而这正是区别所在。”

In response to fans who argued that male characters are also often killed, content editor John Bartol wrote "Dead Men Defrosting", an article arguing that when male heroes are killed or altered, they are more typically returned to their status quo. According to Bartol's claim, after most female characters are altered they are "never allowed, as male heroes usually are, the chance to return to their original heroic states. And that's where we begin to see the difference."

在他的书《危险曲线: 动作英雄，性别，恋物和流行文化》中讨论该网站时, 鮑林格林州立大學教授杰弗里 A. 布朗指出，虽然男性漫画英雄通常会作为英雄牺牲后又魔法地死而复生，女性角色更可能被随意地而又无可挽回地伤害或杀死——且经常以一种高度性化的方式。为了支撑他的论点，他指出了小丑单纯为了乐趣而粉碎第一代蝙蝠女孩的脊椎，导致她在此后超过十年被拘束于轮椅上。 resulting in her being written as a wheelchair user for over a decade. 他也引用了反派黑面具对Stephanie Brown的折磨和杀害。

Discussing the site in his book Dangerous Curves: Action Heroes, Gender, Fetishism and Popular Culture, Bowling Green State University professor Jeffrey A. Brown noted that while male comic book heroes have tended to die heroically and be magically brought back from the dead afterwards, female characters have been likelier to be casually but irreparably wounded or killed, often in a sexualized fashion. To support his claim, he cited the Joker shattering the original Batgirl's spine just for fun, resulting in her being written as a wheelchair user for over a decade. He also cites the torture and murder of Stephanie Brown by the villain Black Mask.

流行文化

References in mass culture

In 2000, several national newspapers ran articles that referenced the site, generating discussion on the topic of sexism in pop culture and the comic-book industry. Some universities also list the content of Women in Refrigerators as related to analysis and critique of pop culture.

Within the comics medium, during the 2009 DC storyline "Blackest Night", Alexandra DeWitt was one of many deceased characters temporarily brought back to life as part of the Black Lantern Corps. While she appeared briefly, she was seen inside a refrigerator construct at all times.

Courtney Enlow, editor at Your Tango, criticized the death of Kathy Stabler, the wife of detective Elliot Stabler, as an example of the "tired, sexist" trope.

Brian Tallerico of Vulture, when reviewing "The Whole World Is Watching", an episode of the 2021 live-action Disney+ miniseries The Falcon and the Winter Soldier, was critical of the death of Lemar Hoskins, a Black person, as an example of racial, rather than sexist, fridging, to further the story arc of John Walker, a white person.

Deadtown

In December 2018, Deadline Hollywood announced that Amazon Studios was developing a television series called Deadtown, an adaptation of the Catherynne M. Valente novel The Refrigerator Monologues. The story centers upon five recently deceased women who meet in a purgatory-like location called Deadtown, where they discover that their entire lives, including their deaths, were merely in service of providing emotional backstory for male superheroes.

著名贡献者

Several contributors to the site and the original list later became comic book creators and entertainment industry professionals.

• Daniel Merlin Goodbrey – digital designer and underground comicbook author, creator of the hypercomic Six-Gun: Tales from an Unfolded Earth, and the iPod comic Brain Fist.
• Brian Joines – writer of the independent comic The 7 Guys of Justice and as of 2006 publishing new comics through Platinum Studios.
• Greg Dean Schmitz – creator of UpcomingMovies.com, AKA Greg's Previews, and columnist for Fandango and Rotten Tomatoes.
• Gail Simone – author of several comic books including Birds of Prey for DC Comics and Marvel's Deadpool.