罗马共和国的危机
罗马共和国的危机是指从公元前134年到公元前44年的一段较长时期的政治不稳定和社会动乱，最终以罗马共和国的灭亡和罗马帝国的出现而告终。
几十年来，这场危机的原因和属性发生了变化，包括奴隶制、强盗、内外战争、土地改革、新刑罚的发明、[1]罗马公民身份的扩大，甚至是罗马军队。[2]
现代学者对危机的性质也存在分歧。传统上，撒路斯提乌斯、吉本和他们学校的其他人对公民身份的扩张（包括所有的权利、特权和义务）持否定态度，因为它引起了内部纠纷、与罗马的义大利盟友的争端、奴隶起义和暴动[3]，其他学者则认为，由于共和国的本意是公共的——人民的根本所在——穷人和被剥夺公民权利的人不能因为试图纠正他们合法和合法的不满而受到指责。[3]
参考资料
主要来源和进一步阅读
- Abbott, Frank Frost. A history and description of Roman political institutions. 2006 [1901]. ISBN 0-543-92749-0. OCLC 855860566.
- Brunt, P. A. The fall of the Roman Republic and related essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1988 [2021-07-18]. ISBN 0-19-814849-6. OCLC 16466585. （原始内容存档于2022-05-06）.
- Dupont, Florence. Daily life in ancient Rome. 由Woodall, Christopher翻译. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. 1993. ISBN 0-631-17877-5. OCLC 25788455.
- Eisenstadt, S. N.; Roniger, Luis. Patrons, clients, and friends : interpersonal relations and the structure of trust in society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1984. ISBN 0-521-24687-3. OCLC 10299353.
- Fields, Nic. Spartacus and the Slave War 73-71 BC : a gladiator rebels against Rome. Steve Noon. Oxford: Osprey. 2009. ISBN 978-1-84603-353-7. OCLC 320495559.
- Flower, Harriet I. (编). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 2nd. 2014 [2004]. ISBN 978-1-107-66942-0.
- Brennan, T Corey. "Power and Process under the Republican “Constitution”". In Flower (2014).
- von Ungern-Sternberg, Jorgen. "The Crisis of the Roman Republic". In Flower (2014).
- Flower, Harriet I. Roman republics. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2010 [2021-07-18]. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. OCLC 301798480. （原始内容存档于2023-03-07）.
- Gruen, Erich S. The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. Berkeley. 1995. ISBN 0-520-02238-6. OCLC 943848.
- Holland, Tom. Rubicon : the last years of the Roman Republic 1st. New York: Doubleday. 2003. ISBN 0-385-50313-X. OCLC 52878507.
- Losch, Richard R. All the people in the Bible : an a-z guide to the saints, scoundrels, and other characters in scripture. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans. 2008 [2021-07-18]. ISBN 978-0-8028-2454-7. OCLC 213599663. （原始内容存档于2020-08-14）.
- Meier, Christian. Caesar: a biography. David McLintock. New York: BasicBooks/HarperCollins. 1995 [2021-07-18]. ISBN 0-465-00894-1. OCLC 33246109. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.
- Meier, Christian. Res publica amissa: eine Studie zu Verfassung und Geschichte der späten römischen Republik. Suhrkamp. 1997. ISBN 978-3-518-57506-2 （德语）.
- Polybius. The General History of Polybius: Translated from the Greek Vol 2 Fifth. Oxford: Printed by W. Baxter. 1823.
- Seager, Robin (编). The crisis of the Roman republic : studies in political and social history. Cambridge: Heffer. 1969. ISBN 0-85270-024-5. OCLC 28921.
- Barbette Spaeth. The Roman Goddess Ceres. U. of Texas Press. 1996. ISBN 0-292-77693-4.
- Strauss, Barry S. The Spartacus war 1st. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2009 [2021-07-18]. ISBN 978-1-4165-3205-7. OCLC 232979141. （原始内容存档于2022-05-08）.
- Syme, Ronald. The provincial at Rome : and, Rome and the Balkans 80BC-AD14. Anthony Birley. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. 1999 [1939]. ISBN 0-85989-632-3. OCLC 59407034.
- Wiseman, T. P. Remembering the Roman people : essays on late-Republican politics and literature. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-156750-6. OCLC 328101074.
外部链接
- Rome:crisis of the State from Washington State University website[永久失效链接]
- Sallust的作品 - 古腾堡计划 (Schmitz and Zumpt, 1848): Bellum Iugurthinum