都柏林规则

都柏林公约（条例 No. 604/2013；或称都柏林第三公约；前称都柏林第二公约和都柏林会议）是一部欧盟法律，它指定了难民在日内瓦公约（经过纽约协议修订）下寻求政治避难的申请流程。目的是分清哪个欧盟成员国负责特定的寻求避难者，并确保至少一个成员国处理申请。

在“都柏林体制”下，一般来说，如有难民（更正确的说法是“寻求庇护者”）向签约国申请庇护，该人只能向第一个踏足的签约国提出庇护申请，而该国则有责任审核其申请并在期间负责其生活所需。^[1]“欧洲指纹数据库”（EURODAC）备存寻求庇护者和非正规入境者的指纹资料，可用于识别在多于一国重复申请庇护的个案及识别寻求庇护者第一个踏足的国家。

历史

“都柏林体制”最初由1990年6月15日于都柏林签署的《都柏林公约》（Dublin Convention）确立。1997年9月1日起在最初的12个签约国生效。该12国是比利时、丹麦、法国、德国、希腊、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、葡萄牙、西班牙和英国。1997年10月1日奥地利和瑞典加入。1998年1月1日芬兰加入。^[2]挪威和冰岛虽然不是欧盟成员国，它们与欧洲各共同体达成协议，让《都柏林公约》适用于两国。^[3]

《都柏林第二规则》（Dublin II Regulation）于2003年被采纳，取代《都柏林公约》，适用于除丹麦外的所有欧盟成员国。丹麦在欧盟获得豁免，无需完全履行欧盟在自由、安全和司法领域的规定。^[4]一份把规则的适用范围延伸至丹麦的协议于2006年生效。^[5]另一份协定书在2006年把欧盟与冰岛和挪威的协议的适用范围延伸至丹麦。^[6]2008年3月1日，规则的适用范围延伸至非欧盟的瑞士^[7]和列支敦士登^[8]。该等协议随后通过协定书在丹麦适用。^[9]

2008年12月3日，欧洲联盟委员会提出对《都柏林规则》的修订提议。^[10]《都柏林第三规则》（Dublin III Regulation，No. 604/2013）在2013年6月获得批准，取代《都柏林第二规则》，适用于除丹麦外的所有成员国。^[11]2013年7月19日生效。

参考文献

^ 欧盟整改难民庇护政策前景并不乐观. 新华网. 2016-04-07 [2016-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-12）.
^ Convention determining the State responsible for examining applications for asylum lodged in one of the Member States of the European Communities (Deposited with the Government of Ireland). Council of the European Union. [2014-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-15）.
^ Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the State responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in a Member State or in Iceland or Norway. Council of the European Union. [2014-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-15）.
^ COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No. 343/2003 of 18 February 2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national. Official Journal of the European Union. 2003-02-25, L (50/1) [2014-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-17）.
^ Agreement between the European Community and the Kingdom of Denmark on the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the state responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in Denmark or any other Member State of the European Union and "Eurodac" for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention. Council of the European Union. [2014-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-15）.
^ Protocol to the Agreement between the European Community, the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway, concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the State responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in a Member State or in Iceland or Norway. Council of the European Union. [2015-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-05）.
^ Agreement between the European Community and the Swiss Confederation concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the State responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in a Member State or in Switzerland. Council of the European Union. [2014-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-15）.
^ Protocol between the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accession of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Community and the Swiss Confederation concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the State responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in a Member State or in Switzerland. Council of the European Union. [2014-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-15）.
^ Protocol between the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Community and the Swiss Confederation concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the State responsible for examining a request for asylum in a Member State or in Switzerland. Council of the European Union. [2015-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-05）.
^ European Commission Proposal to recast the Dublin Regulation (PDF). European Commission. [2012-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-11）.
^ REGULATION (EU) No. 604/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 26 June 2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person (recast). Official Journal of the European Union. 2013-06-29, L (180/31) [2014-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-07-16）.

延伸阅读

欧洲动态2.0: 名存实亡的“都柏林规定” （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），2015-09-07

[xh20160407-1] 欧盟整改难民庇护政策前景并不乐观. 新华网. 2016-04-07 [2016-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-12）.

[2] Convention determining the State responsible for examining applications for asylum lodged in one of the Member States of the European Communities (Deposited with the Government of Ireland). Council of the European Union. [2014-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-15）.

[3] Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the State responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in a Member State or in Iceland or Norway. Council of the European Union. [2014-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-15）.

[dublinII-4] COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No. 343/2003 of 18 February 2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national. Official Journal of the European Union. 2003-02-25, L (50/1) [2014-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-17）.

[5] Agreement between the European Community and the Kingdom of Denmark on the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the state responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in Denmark or any other Member State of the European Union and "Eurodac" for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention. Council of the European Union. [2014-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-15）.

[6] Protocol to the Agreement between the European Community, the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway, concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the State responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in a Member State or in Iceland or Norway. Council of the European Union. [2015-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-05）.

[7] Agreement between the European Community and the Swiss Confederation concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the State responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in a Member State or in Switzerland. Council of the European Union. [2014-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-15）.

[8] Protocol between the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accession of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Community and the Swiss Confederation concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the State responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in a Member State or in Switzerland. Council of the European Union. [2014-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-15）.

[9] Protocol between the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Community and the Swiss Confederation concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the State responsible for examining a request for asylum in a Member State or in Switzerland. Council of the European Union. [2015-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-05）.

[10] European Commission Proposal to recast the Dublin Regulation (PDF). European Commission. [2012-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-11）.

[11] REGULATION (EU) No. 604/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 26 June 2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person (recast). Official Journal of the European Union. 2013-06-29, L (180/31) [2014-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-07-16）.

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