帕 (毛利人)

帕（毛利語：Pā）可以指任何毛利人村莊或防禦性定居點，但通常指的是丘堡——帶有柵欄和防禦平台的強化定居點，也可以指防禦性村莊。「帕」遺址主要分佈在新西蘭北島，陶波湖以北。迄今為止，已經發現、拍攝並檢查了超過5000個遺址，儘管其中很少有經過詳細分析的遺址。至今尚未發現早期殖民時期的「帕」遺址，當時早期的波利尼西亞-毛利殖民者生活在南島的低地。類似「帕」的遺址在整個中波利尼西亞地區都有分佈，尤其在斐濟、湯加和馬克薩斯群島等地。

在毛利文化中，一個大型的「帕」代表一個「伊維」（部落或部落聯盟）的「瑪那」（威望或權力）以及戰略能力，這些能力通過「蘭加蒂拉（英語：Rangatira）」（酋長）體現出來。毛利人在其「伊維」的「羅赫（英語：Rohe）」（領土）內選擇各種可防守的位置建造「帕」，以保護肥沃的種植地和食物供應^[1]^[2]。

參考文獻

^ King, Michael. First Colonisation. The Penguin History of New Zealand reprint. Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited. 20032003 [18 September 2020]. ISBN 9781742288260. The period of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries has been termed transitional [...]. [...] the practice that developed of preserving kumara tubers in storage pits (a process that had been unnecessary in a tropical climate) meant that communities had to remain with those pits, particularly in an era of larger population when competition for resources meant that less well-provisioned neighbours might be tempted to raid your larder. This last factor more than any other gave impetus to the rise and spread, from north to south, of fortified hilltops which came to be known as pa. They probably originated from a need to protect kumara tubers; but they persisted and became more important when population growth, competition for all resources, the pursuit of mana or authority for one's own group, and a generally more martial culture meant that communities increasingly had to protect themselves from immediate neighbours or from marauding enemies from further afield.
^ Mackintosh, Lucy. Shifting Grounds: Deep Histories of Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland. Bridget Williams Books. 2021: 32. ISBN 978-1-988587-33-2. doi:10.7810/9781988587332.

[1] King, Michael. First Colonisation. The Penguin History of New Zealand reprint. Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited. 20032003 [18 September 2020]. ISBN 9781742288260. The period of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries has been termed transitional [...]. [...] the practice that developed of preserving kumara tubers in storage pits (a process that had been unnecessary in a tropical climate) meant that communities had to remain with those pits, particularly in an era of larger population when competition for resources meant that less well-provisioned neighbours might be tempted to raid your larder. This last factor more than any other gave impetus to the rise and spread, from north to south, of fortified hilltops which came to be known as pa. They probably originated from a need to protect kumara tubers; but they persisted and became more important when population growth, competition for all resources, the pursuit of mana or authority for one's own group, and a generally more martial culture meant that communities increasingly had to protect themselves from immediate neighbours or from marauding enemies from further afield.

[Mackintosh-2] Mackintosh, Lucy. Shifting Grounds: Deep Histories of Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland. Bridget Williams Books. 2021: 32. ISBN 978-1-988587-33-2. doi:10.7810/9781988587332.

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[2]