維基百科

食果啄木鳥屬

啄木鸟科的一属鸟类

食果啄木鳥屬，是啄木鳥科的一個屬。該屬包括24個種，其中大多數具有顯眼的黑白條紋，夾雜紅色與黃色。

食果啄木鳥屬
紅腹啄木鳥 (Melanerpes carolinus)
科學分類 編輯
界： 動物界 Animalia
門： 脊索動物門 Chordata
綱： 鳥綱 Aves
目： 鴷形目 Piciformes
科： 啄木鳥科 Picidae
亞科： 啄木鳥亞科 Picinae
屬： 食果啄木鳥屬 Melanerpes
Swainson, 1832
模式種
紅頭啄木鳥[1]
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

See text

分類

1832年，威廉·斯溫森首次引入食果啄木鳥屬以歸納紅頭啄木鳥（學名：Melanerpes erythrocephalus）。[2]食果啄木鳥屬屬於食果啄木鳥族，後者還包括吸汁啄木鳥屬的北美吸汁啄木鳥和古巴綠啄木鳥屬[註 1][3]。

特徵

食果啄木鳥屬中的鳥類體格介於小和中等之間，僅分佈於新大陸。其中部分物種是西印度群島的特有種[註 2]。one subspecies, the Grand Bahama West Indian woodpecker (M. superciliaris bahamensis) became extinct in the 1950s. The majority of the species are from Central and South America.[4] Most species are boldly marked in black and white, with some areas of red and yellow.[5] The beaks are long and pointed, and sometimes curved. The sexes differ in many species, both in colour and in size.[4]

Some species such as the acorn woodpecker and the yellow-tufted woodpecker are sociable, foraging in groups, communicating vocally and nesting communally. These have complex breeding systems including some non-breeding adult helpers assisting in rearing the young. Like other woodpeckers, insects form a large part of the diet, being caught on the wing in some species, but fruit is also eaten in large quantities and some species consume 樹液. They all nest in holes that they excavate in trees, and the red-crowned woodpecker and the Hoffmann's woodpecker are unusual in that they sometimes enter their holes backwards.[5]

物種

該屬其中包括了25個種類:[6]

照片 中文譯名 學名 主要分佈
  白啄木 Melanerpes candidus Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina.
  劉易氏啄木 Melanerpes lewis western and central United States
  瓜德魯普啄木 Melanerpes herminieri Guadeloupe archipelago
  Puerto Rican woodpecker Melanerpes portoricensis Puerto Rico
  紅頭啄木鳥 Melanerpes erythrocephalus southern Canada and the east-central United States.
  Acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus Oregon, California, and the southwestern United States, south through Central America to Colombia.
  Yellow-tufted woodpecker Melanerpes cruentatus Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
  Yellow-fronted woodpecker Melanerpes flavifrons Brazil, Paraguay and far northeastern Argentina.
  Golden-naped woodpecker Melanerpes chrysauchen Costa Rica and western Panama
  Beautiful woodpecker Melanerpes pulcher Colombia.
  Black-cheeked woodpecker Melanerpes pucherani southeastern Mexico south to western Ecuador.
  白額啄木鳥 Melanerpes cactorum Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.
  Hispaniolan woodpecker Melanerpes striatus Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic)
  Jamaican woodpecker Melanerpes radiolatus Jamaica.
  Golden-cheeked woodpecker Melanerpes chrysogenys Mexico
  Grey-breasted woodpecker Melanerpes hypopolius southwestern Mexico.
  Yucatan woodpecker Melanerpes pygmaeus Belize and Mexico
  Red-crowned woodpecker Melanerpes rubricapillus Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and Tobago.
  Gila woodpecker Melanerpes uropygialis southwestern United States and western Mexico.
  Hoffmann's woodpecker Melanerpes hoffmannii southern Honduras south to Costa Rica
  金額啄木鳥 Melanerpes aurifrons Texas and Oklahoma in the United States through Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and northern Nicaragua.
  Velasquez's woodpecker Melanerpes santacruzi southern Mexico and parts of Central America.
  紅腹啄木鳥 Melanerpes carolinus eastern United States
  大紅腹啄木鳥 Melanerpes superciliaris Bahamas, the Cayman Islands and Cuba.

註釋

  1. ^ 單型屬，僅包含古巴綠啄木鳥
  2. ^ 包括來自伊斯帕尼奧拉島、波多黎各、牙買加和瓜地洛普的物種


參考文獻

  1. ^ Picidae. aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. [2023-07-26].  （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
  2. ^ Swainson, William John. Richardson, John , 編. Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America : containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N.: Part 2, The Birds. 1831: 316.  （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） 斯文森的論文扉頁寫明的日期是1831年，但該書在次年才正式出版
  3. ^ Shakya, S.B.; Fuchs, J.; Pons, J.-M.; Sheldon, F.H. Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2017, 116: 182–191. PMID 28890006. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005  . 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Winkler, Hans; Christie, David A. Woodpeckers. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2010: 4. ISBN 978-1-4081-3504-4. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Gorman, Gerard. Woodpeckers of the World: A Photographic Guide. Firefly Books. 2014: 102. ISBN 978-1770853096. 
  6. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (編). Woodpeckers. World Bird List Version 6.2. International Ornithologists' Union. [5 May 2016].  （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
  7. ^ Campbell, Kenneth E.; Bochenski, Zbigniew M. A review of the woodpeckers (Aves: Piciformes) from the asphalt deposits of Rancho La Brea, California, with the description of three new species. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 2021-12-01, 101 (4): 1013–1026. ISSN 1867-1608. S2CID 231716382. doi:10.1007/s12549-020-00444-1   （英語）. 

外部連結

 
維基共享資源中相關的多媒體資源：食果啄木鳥屬
 
維基物種上的相關資訊：食果啄木鳥屬



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