用戶:SCP-2000/沙盒02
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搶購是指消費者在可預期的災難前、災難發生後、在可預見的價格上升及商品短缺前，異常地購買大量的商品之行為。
在公共衛生危機時發生的搶購行為，受下述情緒及因素所影響的：其一，個人因公共衛生危機而感威脅和商品短缺；其二，因情緒壓力及不穩定性，而對未知事物所產生的恐懼；其三，因視搶購為緩解焦慮及重新控制危機，而所作出的因應行為；其四，因個人在社交網絡受到的影響而出現的社會心理因素[1]。
搶購也是一種羊群效應[2]，而這對消費者行為理論較為重要的。廣義上的經濟學的研究會對如何解釋一些群體行為進行探討，例如是潮流、股市走勢、盲搶、團積及擠提[3]。
搶購也會導致真正的短缺問題，而不管短缺的風險是否真實存在還是憑感覺的，而後一種情況是自我實現的例子[4]。
事件例子
在下列事件的前後及期間，出現了搶購情況。
- 第一次世界大戰[5] 及第二次世界大戰[6]
- 1919年的西班牙流感疫情ㄧ 導致從醫生及藥劑師的診所中搶購奎寧和其他治療流感用藥物[7]。另外，當年維克斯薄荷膏（Vicks VapoRub）的銷售額由90萬元上升至290萬元[8]。
- 在1922年於奧地利第一共和國時，因奧地利克朗的惡性通貨膨脹及快速折舊，造成了搶購及食物滯銷，這情況持續至國際聯盟進行救助為止，而其行動阻止了經驗崩潰[9]。
- 1943年孟加拉饑災[10]
- 1962年的古巴導彈危機，造成了美國發生搶購罐頭食品的指況[11]。
- 1973年於美國發生的廁所紙恐慌[12]。
- 1979年因日本而起的石油危機[13]。
- 1985年新可口可樂的出現，造成了新可口可樂的搶購潮[14][15]。
- 千年蟲問題，造成搶購食物的情況發生[16][17]。
- 在2001年911襲擊過後，於環球商品市場出現了搶購金屬、黃金及石油之情況[18]。
- 在2003年1月至2月嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症疫情期間，於廣東省及鄰近地區（如香港及海南島）出現了數次搶購商品（例如是鹽、米、醋、植物油、抗細菌藥、口罩、中醫藥材）[19]。
- 在2000年和2005年時於英國發生的石油示威[20][21]。
- 2005年時的吉林化工廠爆炸，造成了搶購食用水和食物的情況[22]。
- 2008年至2013年時，美國一些槍支擁有者因擔憂時任總統奧巴馬會加強槍械管制法律，故搶購彈藥及造成短缺。[23][24]。
- 在2019年3月時委內瑞拉經濟危機時，當地政府暫時地接管總部為阿拉瓜州的製紙公司的製造廁紙工廠，用來控制廁紙的「製造、銷售及分銷」，而幾個月後，基本日用品（如廁紙）及食物（如米和食用油） 的庫存短缺。人們指責此次短缺是因為計劃不周的政策，例如是控制基本日用品的價格和嚴格管制外幣所致的和囤積商品[25]。
- 2013年11月，委內瑞拉政府要求多間電子產品商店大幅減價，藉此幫助執政黨在期後的選舉勝出。而委內瑞拉總統馬杜羅在11月8日宣佈對商店進行軍事佔領和稱要讓貨架不留任何貨品。[26] The announcement of lowered prices sparked looting in multiple cities across Venezuela.[27] By the end of the Dakazo, many Venezuelan stores were left empty of their goods.[26] A year later in November 2014, some stores still remained empty following the Dakazo.[26]
- 在2019年冠狀病毒病疫情2月至3月期間，搶購已成在多國出現的主要現象，例如是搶購口罩、食物、樽裝水、牛奶。廁紙等，使這些商品短缺。 The COVID-19 pandemic – panic buying became a major international phenomenon in February and March 2020, when stores around the world were depleted of items such as face masks, food, bottled water, milk, toilet paper,[28] hand sanitizer, rubbing alcohol, antibacterial wipes and painkillers.[29] As a result, many retailers rationed the sale of these items.[30] Online retailers eBay and Amazon have pulled certain items listed for sale by third parties such as toilet paper,[31] face masks, pasta, canned vegetables, hand sanitizer and antibacterial wipes over price gouging concerns.[32][33] As a result, Amazon restricted the sale of these items and others (such as thermometers and ventilators) to healthcare professionals and government agencies.[34]
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A pro-rationing poster from the United States in World War II showing the effects of panic buying goods -
Shoppers in Mexico City panic buying canned food during the 2009 flu pandemic -
Venezuelans grabbing for items during the Dakazo, an event of the crisis in Venezuela -
Shoppers in London panic buying canned food and toilet paper during the COVID-19 pandemic
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See also
References
- ^ Yuen, Kum Fai; Wang, Xueqin; Ma, Fei; Li, Kevin X. The Psychological Causes of Panic Buying Following a Health Crisis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 May 2020, 17 (10): 3513. doi:10.3390/ijerph17103513
.
- ^ Bruce Jones & David Steven, The New Politics of Strategic Resources: Energy and Food Security Challenges in the 21st Century (eds. David Steven, Emily O'Brien & Bruce D. Jone: Brookings Institution Press, 2015), p. 12.
- ^ William M. Strahle & E. H. Bonfield. Understanding Consumer Panic: a Sociological Perspective, Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 16, 1989, eds. Thomas K. Srull, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, pp. 567–573.
- ^ Toxic leak threat to Chinese city. The Repository. 8 March 2020.
- ^
- Faris, Robert. Social Disorganization. The Ronald Press Company. 1948: 524.
- Hardach, Gerd. The First World War, 1914–1918. University of California Press. 1981: 198. ISBN 978-0-520-04397-8.
- Watters, Mary; Library, Illinois State Historical. Illinois in the Second World War: The production front. Illinois State Historical Library. 1952: 58.
- ^
- Spaull, Andrew David. Australian Education in the Second World War. University of Queensland Press. 1982: 100. ISBN 978-0-7022-1644-2.
- Jackson, Ashley. The British Empire and the Second World War. A&C Black. 2006: 505. ISBN 978-1-85285-417-1.
- Morgan, Philip. The Fall of Mussolini: Italy, the Italians, and the Second World War. OUP Oxford. 2008: 66. ISBN 978-0-19-157875-5.
- ^ Honigsbaum, Mark. Regulating the 1918–19 Pandemic: Flu, Stoicism and the Northcliffe Press. Medical History. 2013, 57 (2): 165–185. ISSN 0025-7273. doi:10.1017/mdh.2012.101 .
- ^ Burden, Lizzy. Is panic buying irrational? Here's why it can seem to make economic sense. The Telegraph. 20 March 2020 [7 April 2020].
- ^ Colin Storer, A Short History of the Weimar Republic (I.B. Tauris, 2013), p. 102-03.
- ^ Archibald Percival Wavell. Moon, Penderel , 編. Wavell: The Viceroy's Journal
. Oxford University Press. 1973: 34.
- ^ Alice L. George. Awaiting Armageddon: How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis . The University of North Carolina Press. 2003: 78. ISBN 0807828289.
- ^ Buder, Emily. The Great Toilet-Paper Shortage Scare – The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com. 19 March 2020 [29 April 2020] （英語）.
- ^ Mamdouch G. Salameh, "Oil Crises, Historical Perspective" in Concise Encyclopedia of the History of Energy (ed. Cutler J. Cleveland: Elsevier, 2009), p. 196.
- ^ Taylor, Peter. The thirty-six stratagems: A modern-day interpretation of a strategy classic. Infinite Ideas. 2013: 50. ISBN 978-1-908474-97-1.
- ^ Roberts, Kevin. Lovemarks: the future beyond brands. powerHouse Books. 2005: 193. ISBN 978-1-57687-534-6.
- ^ Lohr, Steve. Technology and 2000 – Momentous Relief; Computers Prevail in First Hours of '00. New York Times. 1 January 2000.
- ^ The Millenium Bug threatens food supply systems – developing countries are also vulnerable, FAO warns. Food and Agriculture Organization. 19 April 1999.
- ^ Oil and gold prices spike. money.cnn.com. 11 September 2001.
- ^ Ding, Rhetoric of a Global Epidemic: Transcultural Communication about SARS (Southern Illinois University Press, 2014), pp. 70, 72, 83, 103, 111.
- ^ Collins, Nick. EU ban on traditional lightbulbs prompts panic buying. The Telegraph. 25 August 2009.
- ^ UK fuel blockades tumble. BBC News. 14 September 2000 [12 January 2008].
- ^ Toxic leak threat to Chinese city. BBC News. 23 November 2005.
- ^ Danielle Kurtzleben, Here's why the ammunition shortage went on for years, Vox (1 July 2014).
- ^ Stephanie Clifford, Shop Owners Report Rise in Firearm Sales as Buyers Fear Possible New Laws, New York Times (22 December 2012).
- ^ Brochetto, Marilia; Botelho, Greg. Facing shortages, Venezuela takes over toilet paper factory. CNN. 12 September 2013 [13 March 2020].
- ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Lezama Aranguren, Erick. La resaca del "dakazo", un año después. El Tiempo. 9 November 2014 [12 November 2014]. （原始內容存檔於12 November 2014）.
- ^ Watch: Looting in Venezuela after government launches attack on ‘bourgeois parasites’. EuroNews. 12 November 2013 [12 November 2014].
- ^ What everyone's getting wrong about the toilet paper shortage Medium
- ^ Supermarkets report panic buying over coronavirus fears. Inside Retail. 2020-03-03 [2020-04-03].
- Sirletti, Sonia; Remondini, Chiara; Lepido, Daniele. Virus Outbreak Drives Italians to Panic-Buying of Masks and Food. Bloomberg. 24 February 2020 [29 February 2020].
- The economics of the toilet paper panic—and why more stockpiling is inevitable. Macleans. [13 March 2020].
- Virus panic buying prompts toilet paper rationing in Australia. CTVNews. 4 March 2020 [13 March 2020].
- Coles and Woolworths further limit toilet paper purchases as supply sells out in an hour. smh.com.au. Sydney Morning Herald. 8 March 2020 [11 March 2020].
- 'It's crazy': Panic buying forces stores to limit purchases of toilet paper and masks. CNN. [13 March 2020].
- ^ Gadher, Dipesh. Every ration helps in coronavirus crisis: Tesco puts one-item limit on essentials. The Sunday Times. 29 March 2020 [7 April 2020].
- ^ Halliday, Josh. eBay urged to clamp down on coronavirus profiteering. The Guardian. 16 March 2020 [7 April 2020].
- ^ Coronavirus price gouging: Amazon and eBay failing to tackle rip-off sellers, says Which?. Sky News. 25 March 2020 [7 April 2020].
- ^ Nicas, Jack. He Has 17,700 Bottles of Hand Sanitizer and Nowhere to Sell Them. The New York Times. 14 March 2020 [7 April 2020].
- ^ Palmer, Annie. Amazon blocks sale of N95 masks to the public, begins offering supplies to hospitals. CNBC. 2 April 2020 [7 April 2020].
