数学焦虑
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数学焦虑(英语:Mathematical anxiety),也称为数学恐惧症(英语:math phobia),是人对于数学能力的焦虑症。美国心理学家马克·亨利·阿什克拉夫特将数学焦虑定义为“一种干扰数学表现的紧张、忧虑或恐惧感”[1]。数学焦虑的个体遇到与算术或数学有关的问题时会产生的紧张和焦虑情绪[2]。数学焦虑在日常生活和学术科研中很常见[3]。有数学焦虑症的人不一定缺乏数学能力,相反,正由于焦虑症的干扰症状,他们无法充分发挥其潜力[4]。数学焦虑以多种方式表现出来,包括身体、心理和行为症状,这些都会影响学生的数学表现[5]。
社会文化
中国学生的数学焦虑水平显著低于美国学生,而数学学习成就水平显著高于美国学生[6]。
性别差异
数学焦虑存在性别差异[7]。女性自我报告的数学焦虑水平高于男性,且随着国家经济发展的增加数学焦虑和性别差距正在扩大。
空间处理能力
性别刻板印象假说
在社会文化刻板印象中,人们倾向于认为男性在数学相关的领域能力比女性更强从而更容易占主导地位[9]。
影响
生理反应
高数学焦虑水平个体在进行数学相关的认知任务时,其心率、神经激活和皮质醇等生理反应也会受到影响[10]。
疼痛
当提示即将进行的数学任务时,数学焦虑程度较高的个体表现出的神经活动与个体经历身体疼痛时的神经活动相似[11]。
杏仁核
高数学焦虑个体更多激活处理负面情绪和威胁刺激相关的杏仁核脑区[12]。
背外侧前额叶
高数学焦虑个体较少的激活与工作记忆相关的脑区背外侧前额叶皮层[12]。
后顶叶皮层
数学焦虑程度较高的个体表现出后顶叶皮层区域的激活减少[12][13]。
降低数学能力和成绩
高数学焦虑个体在一般性的思维和认知任务中表现正常,但数学认知能力显著下降包括计算、数学问题解决等复杂数学加工[14]。数学焦虑与数学学习成就的降低显著相关[6]。
逃避数学
对数学的焦虑和恐惧导致个体会逃避与算术或数学有关的任务[15],也因此使数学焦虑个体的数学能力变得越来越低[16][17],而这又加重数学焦虑[18]。
工作记忆
工作记忆资源不足
数学进位运算需要借助工作记忆才能完成[20]。高数学焦虑个体在数学相关语境下使用工作记忆资源存在困难[21]。这可能由于数学焦虑占用了原本用于数学进位运算的工作记忆资源,使个体没有足够的工作记忆资源用于数学计算从而干扰数学能力影响数学成绩[12][22][23]。
侵入式思维
算术或数学运算诱发的侵入性思维会占用工作记忆[24],使高数学焦虑个体在情绪性语境下的工作记忆资源低于中性语境下的工作记忆资源[25]
缓解
写作
写作通过释放工作记忆资源从而有效减少个体在考试期间对数学失败忧虑[26]。
认知重构
参考资料
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- ^ Suárez-Pellicioni, Macarena; Núñez-Peña, María Isabel; Colomé, Àngels. Math anxiety: A review of its cognitive consequences, psychophysiological correlates, and brain bases. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2016-02-01, 16 (1). ISSN 1531-135X. doi:10.3758/s13415-015-0370-7 (英语).
- ^ Dowker, Irene C. Mammarella, Sara Caviola, Ann (编). Mathematics Anxiety: What Is Known, and What is Still Missing. London: Routledge. 2019-02-01. ISBN 978-0-429-19998-1. doi:10.4324/9780429199981.
- ^ Beilock, S. L., & Willingham, D. T. Math Anxiety: Can Teachers Help Students Reduce It? Ask the Cognitive Scientist.. American Educator. 2014, 38 (2): 28–43 [2021-09-21]. ISSN 0148-432X. (原始内容存档于2021-09-21) (英语).
- ^ Blazer, C. Strategies for Reducing Math Anxiety.. Information Capsule. 2011, 1102: 1–8 [2021-09-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-11) (英语).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 何慧华; 高原. 中国与美国学生数学焦虑与数学学习成就关系的比较研究. 全球教育展望. 2019, 48 (11): 116–128.
- ^ Stoet, Gijsbert; Bailey, Drew H.; Moore, Alex M.; Geary, David C. Countries with Higher Levels of Gender Equality Show Larger National Sex Differences in Mathematics Anxiety and Relatively Lower Parental Mathematics Valuation for Girls. PLOS ONE. 2016-04-21, 11 (4) [2023-06-07]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4839696 . PMID 27100631. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153857. (原始内容存档于2022-12-09) (英语).
- ^ Maloney, Erin A.; Ansari, Daniel; Fugelsang, Jonathan A. Rapid Communication: The effect of mathematics anxiety on the processing of numerical magnitude. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2011-01, 64 (1) [2023-06-07]. ISSN 1747-0218. doi:10.1080/17470218.2010.533278. (原始内容存档于2022-06-26) (英语).
- ^ Beilock, Sian L.; Gunderson, Elizabeth A.; Ramirez, Gerardo; Levine, Susan C. Female teachers’ math anxiety affects girls’ math achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010-02-02, 107 (5) [2023-06-07]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2836676 . PMID 20133834. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910967107. (原始内容存档于2023-01-02) (英语).
- ^ Ramirez, Gerardo; Shaw, Stacy T.; Maloney, Erin A. Math Anxiety: Past Research, Promising Interventions, and a New Interpretation Framework. Educational Psychologist. 2018-07-03, 53 (3) [2023-06-07]. ISSN 0046-1520. doi:10.1080/00461520.2018.1447384. (原始内容存档于2023-03-19) (英语).
- ^ Lyons, Ian M.; Beilock, Sian L. When Math Hurts: Math Anxiety Predicts Pain Network Activation in Anticipation of Doing Math. PLOS ONE. 2012-10-01, 7 (10) [2023-06-07]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3485285 . PMID 23118929. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048076. (原始内容存档于2023-07-07) (英语).
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Young, Christina B.; Wu, Sarah S.; Menon, Vinod. The Neurodevelopmental Basis of Math Anxiety. Psychological Science. 2012-05, 23 (5) [2023-06-07]. ISSN 0956-7976. PMC 3462591 . PMID 22434239. doi:10.1177/0956797611429134. (原始内容存档于2023-08-05) (英语).
- ^ Young, Christina B.; Wu, Sarah S.; Menon, Vinod. The Neurodevelopmental Basis of Math Anxiety. Psychological Science. 2012-05, 23 (5) [2023-06-07]. ISSN 0956-7976. PMC 3462591 . PMID 22434239. doi:10.1177/0956797611429134. (原始内容存档于2023-08-05) (英语).
- ^ Ashcraft, Mark H.; Krause, Jeremy A. Working memory, math performance, and math anxiety. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2007-04-01, 14 (2). ISSN 1531-5320. doi:10.3758/BF03194059 (英语).
- ^ Rozgonjuk, Dmitri; Kraav, Tiina; Mikkor, Kristel; Orav-Puurand, Kerli; Täht, Karin. Mathematics anxiety among STEM and social sciences students: the roles of mathematics self-efficacy, and deep and surface approach to learning. International Journal of STEM Education. 2020-09-07, 7 (1). ISSN 2196-7822. doi:10.1186/s40594-020-00246-z.
- ^ Namkung, Jessica M.; Peng, Peng; Lin, Xin. The Relation Between Mathematics Anxiety and Mathematics Performance Among School-Aged Students: A Meta-Analysis. Review of Educational Research. 2019-06, 89 (3) [2023-06-07]. ISSN 0034-6543. doi:10.3102/0034654319843494. (原始内容存档于2021-03-23) (英语).
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- ^ 刘, 沛汝. 数学语境下数学焦虑个体的工作记忆容量研究 A Study on Working Memory Capacity of Mathematics Anxious Individuals under Mathematical Context. Advances in Psychology. 2021, 11 (09). ISSN 2160-7273. doi:10.12677/AP.2021.119243.
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