新罗马 (组织)
新罗马(英語:Nova Roma,直译:New Rome)是一个致力于罗马文化复兴和重建的国际组织[1][2],成立于1998年,后在美国缅因州注册为非营利组织,肩负教育和精神使命。[3] 新罗马宣称要促进“古羅馬宗教、文化和美德的复兴”和“共同的罗马理想”。[4][5]
Nova Roma | |
原名 | 新罗马元老院和人民 Senátus Populusque Novus Rómánus |
---|---|
簡稱 | SPQNR |
命名缘由 | 罗马共和国 |
成立時間 | 1998年 |
類型 | 非營利組織 |
法律地位 | 基金会 |
總部 | 新罗马(法律上) |
坐標 | 55°40′26″N 12°36′09″E / 55.6739°N 12.6025°E |
服务地区 | 世界 |
會員 (2019年) | 926人 |
官方語言 | |
預算(2018年) | $11.8 k USD |
收入(2010年) | $983.21 USD |
支出(2010年) | $978.60 USD |
目標 | 文化 |
網站 | www |
据悉,新罗马提供有关罗马文化、拉丁语、古罗马服饰和歷史重演的在线资源,[5][6][7] 但其目标不仅是重演爱好者社区或历史研究小组。基于重建罗马仪式和活动构造精神层面,斯特里姆斯卡[8]、戴维[9]、阿德勒[10]、加拉格尔-阿什克拉夫特[11]和克里斯赛德斯[12]等学者,将其称为“罗马重建主义者”社区。 因为其具有基于古罗马共和国的结构,[13] 拥有元老院、行政长官和公民议会颁布的法律,[14]并且拥有自己的造币;[15][16]同时,新罗马组织自行架设的维基自称为“国家”,所以一些外部观察家[4][16][17][18]将其归类为“私人國家”。
罗马身份和宗教复兴
新罗马最主要的目标,是为现代世界中自我认同为罗马人的人们,提供一个生活社区,并复兴可以体验和表达真正的罗马身份的传统。[19] 由于罗马人最真实、最传统的文化表达形式之一,是庆祝各种节日、仪式和典礼,因此新罗马采用古羅馬宗教作为其“國教”,[20][21] 同时也保障罗马公民的宗教自由。宗教学者迈克尔·约克指出传统的罗马思维方式、罗马哲学,为新罗马人的灵性提供道德准则。[22]
新罗马人尽可能真实地重建国内宗教传统和圣物(sacra publica),[23][24] 包括恢复古代祭司学院,[25] 例如教皇和弗拉门的办公厅,[26]以及全年庆祝罗马假期的完整周期。[27] 根据安大略省宗教宽容顾问的报告,新罗马人在圣诞节期间,庆祝罗马节日的农神节。[28][29][30][31]
现场活动和聚会
新罗马举办属于自己的本地和国际聚会,并定期与其附属重演团体[33]参加历史节日和公共活动,例如:保加利亚斯维什托夫的古代遗产节[34]、缅因州韦尔斯海港公园的罗马市场日[35][36][37]、意大利的福尔维夫论坛、匈牙利布达佩斯的萨瓦里安竞技(Ludi Savarienses)历史嘉年华和阿昆库姆广场(Aquincum Floralia)春季庆典,[38][39][40] 或是罗马举行的罗马圣日(Natale di Roma),[41] 庆祝新罗马成立二十周年。
文化竞赛
新罗马的文化活动中,与各种罗马节日相关的竞赛和游戏占有重要地位,其中包括各种各样的节目,从轻松幽默的在线游戏到严肃的艺术竞赛,例如:2005年首次举办的历史小说写作文学竞赛“Certamen Petronianum”(佩特罗尼乌斯奖),[42][43] 评委会由知名人士组成,包括多部罗马题材畅销小说作家柯林·馬嘉露和罗马历史学教授及英國國家學術院前副院长T·P·怀斯曼;第二届比赛的评委是世界奇幻奖获奖作家及诗人舟·沃頓。[44] 克里斯托弗·弗洛姆(Kristoffer From)是首届“Certamen Petronianum”比赛的获奖者。[45]
罗马文化项目
新罗马曾经铸造两枚塞斯特蒂乌斯的硬币,一枚为青铜币,发行于2000年;另一枚为黄铜币,发行于2005年。每枚硬币上均刻有SPQR字母,直径为32毫米,厚度为1.8毫米。如果将这些塞斯特蒂乌斯送回新罗马组织的财库,可以兑换成50美分,[46] 因此它们可以在社区成员之间代替真实货币使用。
新罗马作为一个非营利组织,其财政部门致力于赞助各种罗马文化项目,包括实验考古计划、重演活动,以及重建罗马神庙、祭坛与其他宗教配件,或者重建来自古罗马时期的任何物品。
分会
新罗马组织总部的国际治理政策,[47] 允许每个国家的新罗马社区创立分支组织,称之为省(provincia),并根据当地国家法律规定,组建自己的非营利组织或法人组织。[48] 这使得当地能够得到更好的认可和管理,并合乎当地法律和保险的覆盖范围,例如:澳大拉西亚生活历史联合会(Australasian Living History Federation,ALHF)。[49]
历史背景
另見
注释
- ^ Palacios, Juan José: "Corporate citizenship and social responsibility in a globalized world". Citizenship Studies 8(4):383-402. Routledge, 2004
- ^ Danese, Roberto/Bacianini, Andrea/Torino, Alessio: Weni, widi, wici: tra 'volumen" e byte. p. 133. Guaraldi, 2003"
- ^ Interactive Corporative Services Information on Nova Roma. Maine Department of the Secretary of State, Bureau of Corporations, Elections, and Commissions. [2007-11-27]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-17).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Dixon, Suzanne: Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi, page 64. Routledge, 2007
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Trinkle, D. A./Merriman, S. A: The history highway: a 21st century guide to Internet resources, p. 464. M.E. Sharpe, 2006
- ^ Burgan, Michael: Empire of Ancient Rome, p. 122. Infobase Publishing, 2004
- ^ Nova Roma: Organization Dedicated to Ancient Roman Culture. Center for Applied Second Language Studies (CASLS), University of Oregon. 13 November 2011 [2011-12-05]. (原始内容存档于2012-04-26).
- ^ Strmiska, Michael: Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, p. 335-336. ABC-CLIO, 2005
- ^ Davy, Barbara Jane page 156, 163, 233
- ^ Adler, Margot page 549
- ^ Eugene V. Gallagher, W. Michael Ashcraft: Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: Metaphysical, New Age, and neopagan movements. p. 220. Greenwood Press, 2006
- ^ George D. Chryssides, Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements (2011, 2nd ed.)
- ^ Auffarth, Chr./Bernard, J./Mohr, H.: Metzler Lexikon Religion: Gegenwart - Alltag - Medien, pp. 211-12. Metzler, 2002
- ^ Danese, Roberto/Bacianini, Andrea/Torino, Alessio: Weni, widi, wici: tra 'volumen" e byte. p. 134. Guaraldi, 2003"
- ^ Sestertius signum. [2009-03-09]. (原始内容存档于2009-03-22).
- ^ 16.0 16.1 American Numismatic Association: The Numismatist, page 19. American Numismatic Association, 2003
- ^ Caporaso, Giovanni: Cambiare Identitá.: É possibile, ecco le Prove, Offshore World Inc., 2006
- ^ Vobruba, Georg: Grenzsoziologie: die politische Strukturierung des Raumes, p. 210. VS Verlag, 2006
- ^ Gallagher, E. V./Willsky-Ciollo, L.: A Day in a Working Life: 300 Trades and Professions Through History, pp. 332-333. ABC-CLIO, 2015
- ^ Adler, Margot: Drawing down the moon: witches, Druids, goddess-worshipers, and other pagans in America, p. 549. Penguin Books, 2006
- ^ McColman, Carl: The Complete Idiot's Guide to Paganism, pages 71 and 347. Alpha Books, 2002
- ^ York, Michael: Pagan Ethics: Paganism as a World Religion, p. 396. Springer, 2015
- ^ Gallagher, E. V./Willsky-Ciollo, L.: New Religions: Emerging Faiths and Religious Cultures in the Modern World, p. 430. ABC-CLIO, 2021
- ^ Davy, Barbara Jane: Introduction to Pagan Studies, pp. 156, 163, 233. Rowman Altamira, 2007
- ^ Strmiska, Michael: Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, p. 335. ABC-CLIO, 2005
- ^ "Roman religion". [2018-08-03]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-04).
- ^ Joyce Higginbotham, River Higginbotham: ChristoPaganism: An Inclusive Path, p. 230. Llewellyn Worldwide, 2009
- ^ The Christmas wars / December dilemma. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. [2011-12-13]. (原始内容存档于2012-11-14).
- ^ Celebrations by various faiths near year end. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. [2011-12-13]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-28).
- ^ Conflicts at Christmas time: What is the original "reason for the season". Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. [2011-12-13]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-13).
- ^ Annual secular and religious celebrations near Christmas time. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. [2011-12-13]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-18).
- ^ Adler, Margot. Drawing down the moon: witches, Druids, goddess-worshippers, and other pagans in America. Penguin Books. 2006: 549 [1979] [2011-12-18]. ISBN 978-0-14-303819-1.
[...] Nova Roma is currently raising money to restore a shrine of Magna Mater in Rome.
- ^ Vescia, Monique: Battle Reenactments, p. 38. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2015
- ^ The second Festival of Ancient Heritage in Svishtov. Council of Tourism - Svishtov. [2009-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-22).
- ^ GLADIATORS TO BATTLE ON ROMAN MARKET DAY. Portland Press Herald. [2002-08-12]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-23).
- ^ Great Caesar's ghost ...; A celebration of ancient Roman culture takes place this weekend in Hollis.. Portland Press Herald. [2003-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-23).
- ^ Roman days, Roman nights; Gladiators, armor and other displays are a few highlights of Wells' annual Roman Market Days. Portland Press Herald. [2004-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-23).
- ^ Budapesti Történeti Múzeum - Aquincumi Múzeum - FLORALIA. Kultúra az Interneten Alapítvány. [2009-05-01]. (原始内容存档于2009-05-27).
- ^ Programajánló: Floralia – Római tavaszünnep Aquincumban. National Geographic (Hungary). 21 May 2009 [2011-12-05]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-06).
- ^ AQUINCUMI JÁTÉKOK 2010 (PDF). Museum of Aquincum. [2011-12-05]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-04-26).
- ^ Participants in the Natale di Roma procession. Gruppo Storico Romano. [2019-01-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-25).
- ^ Certamen Petronianum. Nova Roma, Inc. [2011-11-17]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-09).
- ^ Il CERTAMEN PETRONIANUM, un nuovo concorso per i latinisti. SuperEva. [2011-11-17]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ Certamen Petronianum II. Nova Roma, Inc. [2019-01-03]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-04).
- ^ Certamen Petronianum. www.novaroma.org. [2021-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-27).
- ^ Sestertius Signum (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), novaroma.org, accessed 13 December 2021
- ^ Lex Vedia provincialis (Nova Roma) - NovaRoma. www.novaroma.org. [2020-09-09]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-05).
- ^ Provincial websites - NovaRoma. www.novaroma.org. [2020-09-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-22).
- ^ Home Page - The Australasian Living History Federation Inc - ALHF. www.alhf.org.au. [2020-09-09]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-23).
- ^ For example:
Mommsen, Theodor. A History of Rome Under the Emperors. Routledge Key Guides. Barbara Demandt, Alexander Demandt, Thomas E. J. Wiedemann. Routledge. 1999: 381 [2011-12-16]. ISBN 978-0-415-20647-1. (原始内容存档于2016-06-03).
The result of Constantinople's founding was the end of a national basis for the Empire [...] Milan and Ravenna had been unable to compete with Rome, though they were court residences, but Nova Roma could.
- ^
Note for example Kantorowicz, Ernst Hartwig. The King's two bodies: a study in mediaeval political theology 7. Princeton University Press. 1957: 83 [2011-12-16]. ISBN 978-0-691-01704-4.
Thus it happened that 'Rome' migrated from incarnation to incarnation, wandering first to Constantinople and later to Moscow, the third Rome, but also to Aachen where Charlemagne built a 'Lateran' and apparently planned to establish the Roma futura. [...] Constantinople and Aachen and others claimed to be each a nova Roma[...]
- ^
Neville, Peter. Mussolini. Historical Biographies Series. Routledge. 2004: 118 [2011-12-16]. ISBN 978-0-415-24989-8.
Mussolini made immense efforts to portray an image of Italian greatness, and the memory of Ancient Rome was constantly traded on in the régime's propaganda. Thus the normal handshake [...] was replaced by the 'Roman Salute' and the Mediterranean became 'our sea'. [...] Some streams in Fascism demanded spiritual revival based on the concept of a 'New Rome'.
参考资料
- American Religious Identification Survey," by The Graduate Center of the City University of New York 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2007-03-06. (pdf)
- Adler, Margot. 2006. Drawing down the Moon, Penguin Books. ISBN 0143038192
- Caporaso, Giovanni. 2006. Cambiare Identitá.: É possibile, ecco le Prove, Offshore World Inc.. ISBN 0978928342
- Danese, Roberto/Bacianini, Andrea/Torino, Alessio. 2003. Weni, widi, wici: tra 'volumen" e byte, Guaraldi. ISBN 88-8049-209-8
- Davy, Barbara Jane. 2006. Introduction to Pagan Studies, Rowman Altamira. ISBN 0-7591-0819-6
- Dennis A. Trinkle, Scott A. Merriman. M.E. Sharpe, 2002. US history highway, Volume 1. ISBN 0-7656-0907-X
- Dennis A. Trinkle, Scott A. Merriman. M.E. Sharpe, 2006. The history highway: a 21st-century guide to Internet resources. ISBN 0-7656-1631-9
- Dixon, Suzanne. 2007. Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi, Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33148-X
- Gallagher, E. V./Willsky-Ciollo, L. 2015. A Day in a Working Life: 300 Trades and Professions Through History, ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610694032
- Higginbotham, J./Higginbotham, 2009. ChristoPaganism: An Inclusive Path, Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 1610694023
- McColman, Carl. 2002. The Complete Idiot's Guide (R) to Paganism, Alpha Books. ISBN 0-02-864266-X
- Strmiska, Michael. 2005. Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1851096084
- York, Michael. 2015. Pagan Ethics: Paganism as a World Religion, Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-18923-9