埃及第三十四王朝
罗马法老时期(Roman pharaoh)或称埃及第三十四王朝(ancient Egypt's Thirty-fourth Dynasty)[a],指的是在罗马帝国统治埃及时期埃及人民及祭司仍然将罗马皇帝视为埃及法老。他们在壁画上描绘罗马皇帝身着埃及统治者服饰、拥有法老王名。在此期间,埃及人民继续从事宗教政治活动。
尽管埃及人民视罗马皇帝为埃及法老及统治者,但皇帝们自己从未在埃及以外采用任何法老头衔或传统,因为这些在整个罗马世界很难证明是正当的。大多数皇帝可能不太关心埃及人赋予他们的地位,一生中很少访问该省一次以上。埃及行省的管理方式与其他行省的方式有很大的分别。该地的总督是由罗马皇帝亲自挑选,并且通常将其视为个人财产而非省份。虽然并非所有罗马皇帝被视为法老,但埃及宗教要求法老在场,作为人类与众神之间的中间人。由皇帝担任这一角色被证明是最简单的解决方案,类似于几个世纪前波斯皇帝被视为法老的方式(第二十七王朝和第三十一王朝)。
尽管埃及直至641年才被阿拉伯帝国征服,但最后一位获得埃及法老头衔的罗马皇帝为马克西米努斯·戴亚(Maximinus Daia)。在他那个时代,由于埃及处于罗马帝国的边缘(与埃及作为世界中心的传统法老观点相反),罗马人作为法老的观点已经下降了一段时间。4世纪开始基督教开始传播至罗马各地以及埃及首都亚历山大的改造进入一个主要的基督教中心,迅速地结束了这一传统,因为新宗教与作为法老的传统含义不相容。
皇帝的名字是根据他们名字在希腊语中的译法,用象形文字拼音写成的。这种呈现名字的方式导致罗马法老对现代埃及学产生重大影响,因为阅读他们的名字标志着象形文字破译的重要一步。
皇帝—法老列表
肖像 | 皇帝 | 法老王名 | 备注 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
奥古斯都 Augustus 统治时期 30BC-14 |
荷鲁斯名: ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ-Nnw-jt-nṯrw ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt |
普列诺门名: ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ mrj-Ꜣst Autokrator |
诺门名: Kaisaros, Ep. nt.f mḥ Kaisaros, Ep. pꜢ nṯr Kaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst Kaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst |
第一位罗马皇帝和第一位控制埃及的罗马统治者。 | |||
提比略 Tiberius 统治时期 14-37 |
荷鲁斯名: ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ-Nnw-jt-nṯrw ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt |
诺门名: Kaisaros, Ep. nt.f mḥ Kaisaros, Ep. pꜢ nṯr Kaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst Kaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst |
Left little impression on Egypt | ||||
卡利古拉 统治时期 37–41 |
荷鲁斯名: kꜢ-nḫt jꜢḫ-stwt-RꜤ-JꜤḥ |
普列诺门名: Autokrator, Ep. ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst |
诺门名: Kaisaros Germanikos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt |
Left little impression on Egypt; lifted the ban on Egyptian cults in Rome instituted by Augustus | [2] | ||
克劳狄乌斯 统治时期 41–54 |
荷鲁斯名: kꜢ-nḫt ḏd-jꜢḫ-Šw-(m)-Ꜣḫt kꜢ-nḫt wḥm-ḫꜤw |
普列诺门名: Autokrator, Ep. ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw mrj-Ꜣst-Ptḥ Kaisaros Germanikos Kaisaros Sebastos Germanikos Autokrator |
诺门名: Tiberios Klaudios Tiberios Klaudios Kaisaros ntj ḫw |
Left little impression on Egypt; rebuked requests from Alexandria to gain its own self-governing senate | [2] | ||
尼禄 统治时期 54–68 |
荷鲁斯名: ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ ẖwj-ḫꜢswt wr-nḫw-BꜢqt ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Nnw-Mrwr ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ ẖwj-ḫꜢswt |
普列诺门名: ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ mrj-Ꜣst Kaisaros Germanikos |
诺门名: Neron Neron Klaudios, Ep. ḫw Autokrator Neron Neron Klaudios Kaisaros ntj ḫw |
Sent a small group of praetorian guards to explore along the Nile river south of Egypt, perhaps intended as a scouting mission for a later conquests in the region | [2] | ||
加尔巴 统治时期 68–69 |
诺门名: Serouios Galbas Autokrator |
Left little impression on Egypt | [2] | ||||
奥托 统治时期 69 |
诺门名: Markos Othon |
Left little impression on Egypt | [2] | ||||
没有维特里乌斯统治埃及的记录。[3] | |||||||
韦斯巴芗 统治时期 69–79 |
诺门名: Ouespasianos Ouespasianos ntj ḫw |
First emperor to visit Egypt since Augustus; received a traditional pharaonic coronation | [4] | ||||
提图斯 统治时期 79–81 |
荷鲁斯名: ḥwnw-nfr bnr-mrwt |
普列诺门名: Titos Autokrator Titos Kaisaros |
诺门名: Ouespasianos |
Left little impression on Egypt | [5] | ||
图密善 统治时期 81–96 |
荷鲁斯名: ḥwnw-nḫt jṯj-m-sḫm.f. |
金荷鲁斯名: wsr-rnpwt ꜤꜢ-nḫtw |
普列诺门名: Ḥr-zꜢ-Ꜣst mrj-nṯrw-nb(w) |
诺门名: Domitianos Domitianos ntj ḫw Domitianos Sebastos Kaisaros |
Introduced Egyptian deities on coins minted in Alexandria and founded temples dedicated to deities such as Isis and Serapis in Italy. Using the trappings of being pharaoh, he also sought to add further legitimacy to imperial rule. | [5] | |
涅尔瓦 统治时期 96–98 |
诺门名: Nerouas ntj ḫw |
Left little impression on Egypt | [5] | ||||
图拉真 统治时期 98–117 |
普列诺门名: Autokrator Kaisaros Nerouas Germanikos Dakikos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt |
诺门名: Nerouas Traianos Nerouas Traianos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ꜣst Traianos ntj ḫw Traianos ntj ḫw + Aristos Germanikos Dakikos |
Egyptian sources from Trajan's time associate empress Pompeia Plotina with the goddess Hathor, the first known direct association between the imperial family (other than the emperor) and Egyptian deities | [6] | |||
哈德良 统治时期 117–138 |
诺门名: Traianos Adrianos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ꜣst Adrianos ntj ḫw Hadrianus Caesar |
Paid a 8/10-month long state visit to Egypt in 130–131, visiting many sites of note and founding Antinoöpolis. Hadrian's cult of Antinous was influenced by Egyptian theology. Ruled during a period of Roman Egyptomania. | [7] | ||||
安敦尼 统治时期 138–161 |
荷鲁斯名: nfr-n(?)-tꜢ-nṯr ḥn-n-f-ŠmꜤw-Mḥw-m-nḏm-jb |
普列诺门名: Autokrator Kaisaros Titos Ailios Adrianos |
诺门名: Antoninos ntj ḫw + Eusebes Antoninos Sebastos Eusebes ntj ḫw Antoninos ntj ḫw Ꜥnḫ-ḏt Antoninos ntj ḫw, Ep. šꜢj-n-BꜢqt |
Celebrated in Ancient Egypt due to overseeing the completion of a Sothic cycle in 139. His long reign saw the last significant temple constructions in Egypt. Visited Alexandria in the 150s to sponsor various new buildings. | [8] | ||
卢基乌斯·维鲁斯 统治时期 161–169 |
Loukio(s) Aurelio(s), Ep. wr-ꜤꜢ Ꜥnḫ-ḏt[b] |
Joint emperor with Marcus Aurelius | [10] | ||||
马可·奥理略 统治时期 161–180 |
Aurelios Antoninos ntj ḫw Autokrator Kaisaros Mark(os) Aurelio(s) Antonin(os) Aure(li)os, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt + Antonin(os), Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt [Markos] Aurelio(s) Antoninos Sebastos |
Faced with a native Egyptian revolt led by Isidorus in 171–175 and the revolt of the Egypt-supported usurper Avidius Cassius 175. Toured Egypt in 176, the province at the time badly affected by the Antonine Plague. Replaced Demotic with Greek for official use in Egypt. | [11] | ||||
康茂德 统治时期 180–192 |
Markos Au(re)lios Komodos Antoninos Komodos Kaisaros(?) Komodos Antoninos ntj ḫw |
Last emperor to be widely attested as pharaonic patron in Egyptian temples. Subsequent decline of representations of emperors is probably attributable to decreased resources available to the clergy and temples rather than a change in imperial attitude and policy. | [12] | ||||
五帝之年(193年)中的两位皇帝没有法老头衔的记录。[10] 佩蒂纳克斯在埃及被短暂地认可,而尤利安努斯在埃及根本不被承认。篡位者佩斯切尼乌斯·奈哲尔是埃及公认的佩蒂纳克斯的继承人,[13]但也没有法老头衔。[10] | |||||||
塞普蒂米乌斯·塞维鲁 统治时期 193–211 |
Seouēros ntj ḫw |
Toured Egypt together with the imperial family in 199–200. Repaired old buildings and established senates in Alexandria and elsewhere. Religious division and controversy led to the first large-scale persecution of Christians in Egypt in 201. | [14] | ||||
盖塔 统治时期 211 |
Geta(s) ntj ḫw |
Briefly joint emperor with Caracalla | [10] | ||||
卡拉卡拉 统治时期 211–217 |
Antoninos ntj ḫw |
Extended Roman citizenship to all inhabitants of the Roman Empire through the 212 Antonine Constitution; his name Aurelius[c] was then common, particularly in Egypt. | [15] | ||||
马克里努斯 统治时期 217–218 |
Makrino(s) n(tj) ḫw |
Broke long-standing convention and sent a prefect and a senator to govern Egypt, though both were deposed and the senator killed after Macrinus's death | [16] | ||||
迪亚杜门尼安 统治时期 218 |
Diadoumenianos |
Junior joint emperor with Macrinus | [10] | ||||
埃拉伽巴路斯接替马克里努斯和迪亚杜门尼安,在任何已知的埃及资料中都没有提到。[13]他的继任者亚历山大·塞维鲁在埃及得到承认,[13]但没有法老头衔。[10]短暂统治的皇帝马克西米努斯·色雷克斯、戈尔迪安一世、戈尔迪安二世、普皮恩努斯、巴尔比努斯和戈尔迪安三世在现存的埃及文献中没有记录。[17] | |||||||
菲利普 统治时期 244–249 |
Philippos ntj ḫw |
Due to decades of mismanagement and civil strife Egypt had fallen into poverty by the time of Philip's reign. Last pharaoh to be commemorated at the great temple at Esna. | [18] | ||||
德西乌斯 统治时期 249–251 |
Dekios ntj ḫw |
Oversaw the Decian persecution of Christians. His reign saw southern Egypt being raided by the Blemmyes, the first time southern Egypt was attacked since the time of Augustus. | [19] | ||||
官方文件和亚历山大铸币证明,皇帝加卢斯和埃米利安努斯在埃及得到承认。[20]但他们都没有法老头衔。[10] | |||||||
瓦勒良 统治时期 253–260 |
Oualerianos |
Demonized by Christians for renewing persecutions, but popular among the Egyptian clergy | [21] | ||||
在瓦勒良之后,埃及被一系列篡位者控制:小马克里亚努斯、奎伊图斯和穆斯乌斯·埃米利安努斯,[22]然而他们都没有法老头衔。[10]合法皇帝加里恩努斯随后被承认,[23]尽管在他的统治时期也没有已知的法老头衔。[10]加里恩努斯的继任者在埃及留下的记录很少,克劳狄二世、昆提卢斯、奥勒良和克劳狄·塔西佗统治记录很少,尽管他们都被认为是公认的。271年的大部分时间里,埃及被帕米拉帝国的芝诺比娅占领,直到奥勒良重新夺回这个省份。弗洛里安努斯的统治在埃及被拒绝,埃及转而支持普罗布斯。[10][23] | |||||||
普罗布斯 统治时期 276–282 |
Autokrator Probos (?)[d] |
Seized the imperial throne with Egyptian support. Defeated the Blemmyes, who had penetrated as far north as Coptos. | [25] | ||||
古埃及文献中没有皇帝卡鲁斯、卡里努斯和努梅里安的记载。[23] | |||||||
戴克里先 统治时期 284–305 |
Diokletian(os) |
Reforms removed much of Egypt's idiosyncrasy, further integrating Egypt economically and administratively with the other provinces. Lands in southern Egypt were abandoned during a state visit in 298. The Diocletianic Persecution was particularly severe in Egypt. | [26] | ||||
马克西米安 统治时期 286–305 |
Maksimiano(s) |
Western Roman emperor, ruling jointly with Diocletian; did not actually control Egypt | [10] | ||||
伽列里乌斯 统治时期 305–311 |
Kaisaros Iouio(s) Maksimio(s) |
Persecutions of Christians continued until a deathbed decree of religious toleration by Galerius | [10] | ||||
马克西米努斯 统治时期 311–313 |
Kaisaros Oualerios Mak(sim)inos |
Last emperor regarded to have been pharaoh by the Egyptians | [27] | ||||
马克西米努斯是最后一位在象形文字中得到承认的罗马皇帝。虽然王座饰名是后来的记录(在340年君士坦提乌斯二世统治时期),但异教徒的埃及人在死后使用戴克里先的饰名,而不认可后来的基督教皇帝。[28] |
参考
- ^ Loftie 2017.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第13页.
- ^ Ritner 1998,第13页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第13–14页.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第14页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第14–15页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第15–16页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第16–17页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第126页.
- ^ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 von Beckerath 1984,第165页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第17页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第17–18页.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Ritner 1998,第18页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第18–19页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第19–20页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第20页.
- ^ Ritner 1998,第21页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第21页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第21–22页.
- ^ Ritner 1998,第22页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第22页.
- ^ Ritner 1998,第22–23页.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Ritner 1998,第23页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第128页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第23页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第23–25页.
- ^ von Beckerath 1984,第165页; Ritner 1998,第25–26页.
- ^ Ritner 1998,第26–28页.
来源
- Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy. The Keys of Egypt: The Obsession to Decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs . HarperCollins. 2000. ISBN 978-0-06-019439-0.
- von Beckerath, Jürgen. Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. Müncher Ägyptologische Studien. Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag. 1984. ISBN 3-422-00832-2 (German).
- Champollion, Jean-François Champollion. Relative to the Alphabet of Phonetic Hieroglyphics Used by the Egyptians to Inscribe on their Monuments the Titles, Names and Sobriquets of Greek and Roman Rulers (PDF). Paris: The Firm of Firmin Didot, Ather & Sons. 1822 [2023-03-04]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-06-28).
- Loftie, William John. A Ride in Egypt. Jazzybee Verlag. 2017.
- Minas-Nerpel, Martina; Pfeiffer, Stefan, Establishing Roman rule in Egypt: The trilingual stela of C. Cornelius Gallus from Philae, Proceedings of the International Conference (Hildesheim, Roemer- and Plizaeus-Museum), 2008: 265–298
- O'Neill, Sean J., The Emperor as Pharaoh: Provincial Dynamics and Visual Representations of Imperial Authority in Roman Egypt, 30 B.C. - A.D. 69, Dissertions of the University of Cincinnati, 2011[失效链接]
- Reid, Donald Malcolm. Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I. University of California Press. 2003. ISBN 9780520240698.
- Ritner, Robert K. Egypt under Roman rule: the legacy of Ancient Egypt (PDF). Petry, Carl F. (编). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998 [2023-03-04]. ISBN 0521471370. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-12-24).
- Robinson, Andrew. Sudden Genius?: The Gradual Path to Creative Breakthroughs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-956995-3.
- Rossini, Stéphane. Egyptian Hieroglyphics: How to Read and Write Them. Dover Publications. 1989. ISBN 978-0486260136.
- Scott, Kenneth, The Political Propaganda of 44-30 B. C., Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, 1933, 11: 265–298, JSTOR 4238573, doi:10.2307/4238573
- Thompson, Jason. Wonderful Things: A History of Egyptology 1: From Antiquity to 1881. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. 2015 [2023-03-04]. ISBN 978-977-416-599-3. (原始内容存档于2023-03-04).
- Vernus, Pascal; Yoyotte, Jean. The Book of the Pharaohs. Cornell University Press. 2003. ISBN 9780801440502 (英语).
注释
- ^ 大多数埃及学家确定的最后一个王朝是埃及第三十一王朝。[1]
- ^ 从这开始 von Beckerath (1984)停止使用传统的埃及王名,全部使用诺门名。[9]
- ^ "卡拉卡拉" 全名为马尔库斯·奥列里乌斯·安扥尼努斯
- ^ 这饰名含义是 prʻbwj, "Probos"这个读音不确定。[24]