普京主义
普京主义(俄语:путинизм,罗马化:putinizm)是分析家有时会使用术语,以描述弗拉基米尔·普京的意识形态特征。这个词语出现时往往有消极的含义[1][2][3][4][5][6]。在普京担任俄罗斯总统和总理期间,西罗维基(俄语:силовики́)控制大部分的政治和财政权力[7][8][9]。
美国历史学家提摩希·D·史奈德认为普京主义是俄罗斯版的法西斯主义。
在俄罗斯和西方媒体上,普京的统治也与尼古拉一世统治时期相提并论,尼古拉一世统治时期伴随着对十二月党人起义和异议人士的镇压,审查制度的收紧,俄罗斯政治控制的加强,对波兰十一月起义和匈牙利革命的残酷镇压,以及高加索战争。克里姆林宫对2013年乌克兰亲欧盟示威事件的反应让人想起沙皇尼古拉一世对1848年欧洲革命的反应,伴随着强烈的反动和严格的审查制度。尼古拉一世的反动统治以灾难性的克里米亚战争而告终。普京本人将尼古拉一世称为“非凡的人格”。俄罗斯文化部长梅丁斯基将普京与尼古拉一世相提并论,称其为“真正的俄罗斯欧洲人”。
社会和经济
鲍里斯·涅姆佐夫作出的报告及一些其他说法指,经济自由主义、缺乏透明度、任人唯亲、腐败是普京政治制度的特点之一[10][11][12][13][14][15]。在1999年至2008年秋季,俄罗斯经济正以稳定的步伐增长[16],一些专家将其归因于1998年的卢布贬值、叶利钦年代的结构性改革、油价上涨和西方银行廉价信贷[17][18][19]。迈克尔·麦克福尔在2004年6月曾指出俄罗斯“令人印象深刻”的短期经济增长是同时附随“对媒体自由的破坏、对民间社会的威胁和影响正义的腐败”[20]。普京在两次总统任内,签署一系列自由经济改革的法律,如降低利润税、实施新的土地法和新版俄罗斯民法典[21];在此期间,俄罗斯贫穷人口减少了一半以上[22][23],实际国内生产总值亦迅速增长[24]。
内政方面,普京强调国家利益优先于个人利益,主权先于人权,限制公民权利,镇压公民社会,将反对派解释为外国敌对势力(消除和边缘化不受当局控制的政党),并用行政手段将其赶出政治领域(实际上废除三权分立制度,建立对司法和立法制度的控制和支配,反对司法独立),也对该国主要电视频道的直接或间接国家控制、舆论审查。
外交
在外交事务中,普京政权试图据称仿效前苏联的伟大、好战和扩张主义[25][26];在2007年11月,卫报西蒙·蒂斯代尔指出,正如俄罗斯曾经向外出口马克思主义,她现在会可能向国际市场推销普京主义,因为很多时候本能地不民主、寡头政治和腐败的国家会认为民主、议会和多元化的幌子比真实的一面更具吸引力和更易管理[27]。
评价
美国经济学家理查德·W·拉恩在2007年9月指普京主义为“俄罗斯政府的民族主义独裁,伪装成一个民主的自由市场”,这“比共产主义更接近法西斯主义”[8],而普京主义令俄罗斯的经济迅速增长,使大多数人因生活水平提高而愿意忍受的“软镇压”[28],他更预测随着俄罗斯经济的命运改变,普京主义会更镇压民众[28]。一名俄罗斯历史学家曾指,如果民主是由多数人统治,保护少数人的权利和机会,目前的政治体制至少在形式上可以说是民主的。俄罗斯存在多党政治体系中,反对派在国家杜马有席位[28]。
参见
参考资料
- ^ One of the first recorded usage of the term: William Safire. Putinism Looms. New York Times. December 31, 2000 [2008-12-26]. (原始内容存档于2013-06-27).
- ^ The Perils of Putinism 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2007-09-29., By Arnold Beichman, Washington Times, February 11, 2007
- ^ Putinism On the March (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), by George F. Will, Washington Post, November 30, 2004
- ^ The West must start to hit Russia where it hurts – in the roubles (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Simon Heffer, Telegraph (U.K.): "Few in the outside world were enthused in an election that was stage-managed through the constructs of electoral machinery that thrived on exclusivism and partisan majoritarianism, to make sure that former President Putin's hand-picked successor was elected. And, it was. Medvedev was a vehicle for institutionalizing Putinism – a draconian authoritarianism and xenophobic foreign policy – in Russia. It worked for Putin. And, the question became: Who will be calling the shots after Putin engineered his way back to behind-the-scene power, when he took the position of the prime minister?", retrieved 18-Jan-2009
- ^ Europe is skeptical facing the Russian presidentials Archive.is的存档,存档日期2012年7月31日,, euro|topics Spanish site, English language summary of Swedish press article in Expressen, quoting the article: "Whatever Putin is contemplating, Putinism will emerge as the victor in the upcoming transfer of power," writes the paper. "Well-staged events like the presidential election cannot belie the fact that it's been a while since Russia was a democracy. Yesterday, Amnesty International published a report that finds a dramatic drop in freedom of expression in Russia. Independent media have been silenced, the murder of journalists remains unexplained and police put down protests by the opposition. Today's Russia is led by gangs with close ties to the FSB security service.... The only pluralistic element in Russian politics is the conflict between these gangs. And the Russian people have no say in this power play.", retrieved 18-Jan-2009
- ^ The Market Will Punish Putinism. The Wall Street Journal. 3 September 2009 [2009-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-08).
- ^ Mission "intrusion" is complete! (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Olga Kryshtanovskaya, 2004, Novaya Gazeta (in Russian)
- ^ 8.0 8.1 From Communism to Putinism (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), by Richard W. Rahn, The Brussels Journal, 19 September 2007.
- ^ Russia: Putin May Go, But Can 'Putinism' Survive? (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), By Brian Whitmore, RFE/RL, August 29, 2007
- ^ Независимый экспертеый доклад «Путин. Итоги» (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Experts' report by Boris Nemtsov and Vladimir Milov released in February 2008.
- ^ За четыре года мздоимство в России выросло почти в десять раз (Bribe-taking in Russia has increased by nearly ten times) 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2009-01-23. Финансовые известия July 21, 2005.
- ^ Energy Revenues and Corruption Increase in Russia 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2008-12-20. Voice of America 13 July 2006.
- ^ Чума-2005: коррупция (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Argumenty i Fakty № 29 (1290) July 2005
- ^ Russia: Bribery Thriving Under Putin, According To New Report (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Radio Liberty July 22, 2005
- ^ Putin, the Kremlin power struggle and the $40bn fortune (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) The Guardian Dec 21, 2007
- ^ Russian Economic Reports. Web.worldbank.org. [2014-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2007-08-13).
- ^ (俄文) Polukin, Alexey. К нефти легко примазаться. Novaya Gazeta. 10 January 2008 [2008-12-29]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-02).
- ^ Trouble in the pipeline. The Economist. 8 May 2008 [2008-11-26]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-06).
- ^ The flight from the rouble. The Economist. 20 November 2008 [2008-11-26]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-27).
- ^ The Putin Paradox (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Michael McFaul June 24, 2004
- ^ McFaul, Michael. The Putin Paradox. Americanprogress.org. 2004-06-24 [2014-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-13).
- ^ Putin's Eight Years 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2009-01-06. Kommersant Retrieved on 4 May 2008
- ^ Russia’s economy under Vladimir Putin: achievements and failures (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) RIA Novosti Retrieved on 1 May 2008
- ^ Putin visions new development plans for Russia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) China Economic Information Service Retrieved on 8 May 2008
- ^ Путинизм как лошадь Мюнхгаузена (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) ej.ru by Dmitry Oreshkin, January 24, 2007.
- ^ Putin's Teflon Image Takes Hit. The Moscow Times. December 23, 2008 [2008-12-23]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-25).
- ^ Tisdall, Simon. Putinism could be the next Russian export. London: The Guardian. 21 November 2008 [2009-02-11]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-06).
- ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Richard W. Rahn. Putinism. The Washington Times. 20 September 2008 [2009-02-11]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-26).