美国公开持武权

在美国，公开持武（英语：open carry）也称公开持枪，是指“在公共场所公开地持有武器”，与之对应的是隐蔽持武，即指以观察者看不到的方式携带武器。

枪支持有者在他们日常生活中公开持武的现象最近几年^[何时？]在美国有增加的趋势^[1]^[2]。已经有若干的活动用来增加公开持武的可见度和公众对此的意识^[3]。公开持武的支持者通过历史和统计指出，犯罪分子通常会隐匿他们的武器，这与守法公民自豪展示他们的武器形成鲜明的对比^[4]。受到例如OpenCarry.org、GeorgiaCarry.org和一些参加自由州计划人士的推动，公开持武最近几年开始复兴^[5]^[6]^[7]。但是目前还不清楚这是否只是一个短期的现象^[8]^[9]。

枪支权利社区对此有复杂的反应。第二修正案基金会的艾伦·戈特利布（英语：Alan Gottlieb）以及全国步枪协会谨慎表示支持^[10]，而前面提到的OpenCarry.org、GeorgiaCarry.org以及特定全国性团体美国枪支所有者（英语：Gun Owners of America）这些特殊兴趣团体则更直接地表达对此行为的支持。

公开持武的行为受到枪支管控团体的强烈反对，例如布雷迪运动（英语：Brady Campaign）和停止枪支暴力联盟（英语：Coalition to Stop Gun Violence）^[11]^[12]。

美国各行政区的情况

定义

公开持武（Open carry）：在公众场合大庭广众下公开携带武器的行为；
大庭广众（Plain sight）：广泛地定义为不对普通的观察进行遮掩，各州对此有不同的定义；
优先权（Preemption）：在公开持武的语境下，该定义为一州立法通过法律禁止或取消当地政府规管持有和携带武器能力的行为；
禁持人士（Prohibited persons）：法律规定不允许持武的人士。通常指重犯、犯有家庭暴力的人士、发现酗酒或滥药的人士以及被强制送进精神病院的人士；

法律的分类

在美国，各州关于公开持武的法律各州甚至某些城市规定各不相同。各州的法律分类如下：

允许公开持武的州份：一个通过了全部武器优先权的州份。这些州份不禁止任何非禁持公民公开持武，也无需许可或执照。步行或骑摩托车持武都是合法的。值得注意的是，虽然法律允许这些行政地区公开持武，但是在某些地点或某些公开持武可能会可能引起公众恐慌的情况下，公开持武的人士可能会被执法部门以“扰乱秩序行为”或“扰乱治安”理由拘留。
不规则公开持武州份：在这些州，公开携带手枪一般是合法的，但这些州可能缺乏“优先权”或者拥有其他特别的限制。缺乏优先权或其他限制的意思是，这些州的某些地区，在它们的司法系统和执法系统中，对于公开持武的行为并不支持。
非允许公开持武州份：在这些州，公开携带手枪是不合法的，或只有在某些特殊场合下才可以，以至于公开持武实际上是被禁止的。这些场合可能包括打猎或者前往打猎地点或从打猎地点返回途中、或者在持武人自己拥有的物业上、或者合法的自我防卫。
偏远公开持武州份：公开持武通常只在县地方人口密度低于某个阈值的非法人领域被允许，而且这些司法管辖区的当地政府已经立法不禁止公开持武（例如加利佛尼亚州）。因此，这些州也可以被认为是无需许可，可公开持武州份。

各州公开持武情况
行政区^[13]	允许	需要许可或执照	不规则	不允许	备注
阿拉巴马州	N^[14]
阿拉斯加州	N
美属萨摩亚^[15]				N
亚利桑那州	N
阿肯色州				N	阿肯色州公开持武的状态有争议。2013年7月，一个将没有表现出恶意的公开或隐匿携带上膛手枪做法去罪化的法案开始实施。但是该法没有明确废除公开持武的禁令或要求隐匿持武持牌的法律。阿肯色州总检察长澄清，尽管新法的制定，公开携带上膛的手枪在技术上依然是非法行为。
加州				N	在当地法令允许的农村地区可以公开持武。有些县需要持牌才可以公开持武。
科罗拉多			N		除了丹佛市县（公开持武被禁止），全州其他各地都允许公开持武。
康涅狄格州		N			带有手枪许可的公开持武在全州都是合法的。
特拉华州		N
哥伦比亚特区				N
佛罗里达				N
佐治亚		N
关岛^[16]				N
夏威夷		N		在实践中	许可证很少颁发给普通市民。
爱达荷	N
伊利诺伊州				N
印第安纳州		N
爱荷华州		N
堪萨斯			N
肯塔基	N
路易斯安那州			N
缅因州			N
马里兰		N		在实践中	许可证很少颁发给普通市民。
马萨诸塞州		N			手枪证是由地方当局在可能签发基准上授予
密歇根			N
明尼苏达		N			许可证在应该签发基础上授予
密西西比		N
密苏里州			N
蒙大拿	N
内布拉斯加			N
内华达	N
新罕布什尔州			N
新泽西		N		在实践中	许可证很少发给普通公民。
新墨西哥州	N
纽约				N	一些农村县允许公开持武（只在该县有效）
北卡罗莱纳州	N
北达科他州		N
北马里亚纳群岛^[17]				N
俄亥俄			N
俄克拉荷马		N
俄勒冈州			N
宾夕法尼亚			N		费城不允许公开持武。
波多黎各				N
罗得岛		N		在实践中	当地的许可不允许公开持武；州的许可很少签发给普通市民。
南卡罗来纳州				N
南达科他州	N
田纳西		N
德州^[18]	N
美属维尔京群岛^[19]				N
犹他		N
佛蒙特州	N
弗吉尼亚州	N
华盛顿			N
西弗吉尼亚州			N
威斯康星州			N
怀俄明^[13]	N

宪法意义

公开持武权从来没有在任何法庭裁决中被排除在美国宪法的第二修正案所规定的权利之外。在“哥伦比亚特区控告海勒”（2008年）一案中，法官安东宁·斯卡利亚写了一段有关第二修正案要素的完整性。“我们发现它们赋予了个人在对抗情况下持有和携带武器的权利”，但是斯卡利继续写道，“正如很多其他的权利，第二修正案不是无限的。以任何形式及任何目的持有和携带任何武器不是一项权利。”^[20]

美国43个州的宪法以某些形式承认和保护备有及佩带武器之权利，而没有禁止公开携带武器。5个州的宪法声明州可以立法规管携带或配备武器的做法，但是支持者争论到这些都没有特别禁止公开持武。9个州的宪法表示隐匿持武可能会被规管或被州所立法禁止。公开持武支持者表示，公开持武可能没有被这些州立法控制。

肯塔基州宪法的第1.7部分^[21] 只赋予了州执行禁止“隐匿持武”的禁令。

参看

引用

^ The Associated Press. Gun supporters cheer Starbucks policy. February 28, 2010 [2013-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-02）（英语）. Even in some "open carry" states, businesses are allowed to ban guns in their stores. And some have, creating political confrontations with gun owners. But Starbucks, the largest chain targeted, has refused to take the bait, saying in a statement this month that it follows state and local laws and has its own safety measures in its stores.
^ O'Connell, Vanessa; Jargon, Julie. Starbucks, Other Retailers Dragged Into Gun-Control Dispute - WSJ.com. The Wall Street Journal. 2010-03-04 [2010-03-11]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-20）（英语）. The "open carry" movement, in which gun owners carry unconcealed handguns as they go about their everyday business, is loosely organized around the country but has been gaining traction in recent months. Gun-control advocates have been pushing to quash the movement, including by petitioning the Starbucks coffee chain to ban guns on its premises. Anti-gun activists gathered at the original Starbucks in Seattle to push retailers like the coffee chain to ban customers from openly carrying guns, WSJ's Nick Wingfield reports. Businesses have the final say on their property. But the ones that don't opt to ban guns—such as Starbucks—have become parade grounds of sorts for open-carry advocates.
^ Gun-rights activists to descend on downtown Palo Alto - San Jose Mercury News. [2010-03-11]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-03）（英语）. Today, a group of gun-rights advocates will exercise their Second Amendment rights by congregating in the plaza with unloaded firearms in plain view. Bay Area members of the national "open carry" movement said they chose the city in part because it is one of the few in the state that has a municipal ban on gun possession. Don't expect any '60s-style confrontations with authorities, however. Palo Alto officials said Friday they will not attempt to enforce the city's ordinance, since it is superseded by state law allowing people to carry guns openly as long as they're not loaded. "We're not going to try to fight state law on this," said Palo Alto police Lt. Sandra Brown. "We're just going to let it happen."
^ Pierce, John. Why 'Open Carry' Gun Laws Work. US News and World Report. April 15, 2010 [October 26, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2010-05-28）（英语）.
^ 引用错误：没有为名为sandiegoreader.com的参考文献提供内容
^ Riccardi, Nicholas. Have gun, will show it. Los Angeles Times. 2008-06-07 [2010-05-20]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-22）（英语）.
^ Louisville's Bring Your Firearms to Church Day. Time. 2009-06-25 [2010-05-20]. （原始内容存档于2010-10-24）（英语）.
^ Mensching, Colleen. Police officers eyes opening to 'open carry'. North County Times. August 7, 2009 [October 26, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012年2月18日）（英语）.
^ Gun Movement Encourages Display Of Weapons. NPR. July 2, 2008 [October 26, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-26）（英语）.
^ Urbina, Ian. Locked, Loaded, and Ready to Caffeinate. The New York Times. 2010-03-07 [2013-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）（英语）.
^ 引用错误：没有为名为usatoday.com的参考文献提供内容
^ Stuckey, Mike. Guns near Obama fuel 'open-carry' debate. MSNBC. August 25, 2009 [October 26, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-03）（英语）.
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 Kranz, Steven W. A Survey of State Conceal And Carry Statutes: Can Small Changes Help Reduce the Controversy?. Hamline Law Review. 2006, 29 (638).
^ Changes Coming to Alabama Gun Laws, WTVM Channel 9, May 22, 2013. [2013-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）.
^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2013-12-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-12）.
^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2013-12-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-01）.
^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2013-12-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-25）.
^ Emma Tucker, Emma. Texans can now openly carry guns in public without a permit or training. Police say the new law makes it harder to do their jobs. CNN. 2021-09-02 [2023-11-19]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-06）（英语）.
^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2013-12-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-25）.
^ District of Columbia, et al., v. Dick Anthony Heller. 554 U.S. ____ (2008) (PDF). United States Supreme Court. 2008-06-26 [2010-02-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-27）.
^ Seventh: The right to bear arms in defense of themselves and of the State, subject to the power of the General Assembly to enact laws to prevent persons from carrying concealed weapons.

外部链接

[1] The Associated Press. Gun supporters cheer Starbucks policy. February 28, 2010 [2013-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-02）（英语）. Even in some "open carry" states, businesses are allowed to ban guns in their stores. And some have, creating political confrontations with gun owners. But Starbucks, the largest chain targeted, has refused to take the bait, saying in a statement this month that it follows state and local laws and has its own safety measures in its stores.

[urlStarbucksWSJ-2] O'Connell, Vanessa; Jargon, Julie. Starbucks, Other Retailers Dragged Into Gun-Control Dispute - WSJ.com. The Wall Street Journal. 2010-03-04 [2010-03-11]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-20）（英语）. The "open carry" movement, in which gun owners carry unconcealed handguns as they go about their everyday business, is loosely organized around the country but has been gaining traction in recent months. Gun-control advocates have been pushing to quash the movement, including by petitioning the Starbucks coffee chain to ban guns on its premises. Anti-gun activists gathered at the original Starbucks in Seattle to push retailers like the coffee chain to ban customers from openly carrying guns, WSJ's Nick Wingfield reports. Businesses have the final say on their property. But the ones that don't opt to ban guns—such as Starbucks—have become parade grounds of sorts for open-carry advocates.

[urlGun-rightsSan_Jose_Mercury_News-3] Gun-rights activists to descend on downtown Palo Alto - San Jose Mercury News. [2010-03-11]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-03）（英语）. Today, a group of gun-rights advocates will exercise their Second Amendment rights by congregating in the plaza with unloaded firearms in plain view. Bay Area members of the national "open carry" movement said they chose the city in part because it is one of the few in the state that has a municipal ban on gun possession. Don't expect any '60s-style confrontations with authorities, however. Palo Alto officials said Friday they will not attempt to enforce the city's ordinance, since it is superseded by state law allowing people to carry guns openly as long as they're not loaded. "We're not going to try to fight state law on this," said Palo Alto police Lt. Sandra Brown. "We're just going to let it happen."

[4] Pierce, John. Why 'Open Carry' Gun Laws Work. US News and World Report. April 15, 2010 [October 26, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2010-05-28）（英语）.

[sandiegoreader.com-5] 引用错误：没有为名为sandiegoreader.com的参考文献提供内容

[6] Riccardi, Nicholas. Have gun, will show it. Los Angeles Times. 2008-06-07 [2010-05-20]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-22）（英语）.

[7] Louisville's Bring Your Firearms to Church Day. Time. 2009-06-25 [2010-05-20]. （原始内容存档于2010-10-24）（英语）.

[8] Mensching, Colleen. Police officers eyes opening to 'open carry'. North County Times. August 7, 2009 [October 26, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012年2月18日）（英语）.

[9] Gun Movement Encourages Display Of Weapons. NPR. July 2, 2008 [October 26, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-26）（英语）.

[urlLocked,_Loaded,_and_Ready_to_Caffeinate-10] Urbina, Ian. Locked, Loaded, and Ready to Caffeinate. The New York Times. 2010-03-07 [2013-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）（英语）.

[usatoday.com-11] 引用错误：没有为名为usatoday.com的参考文献提供内容

[12] Stuckey, Mike. Guns near Obama fuel 'open-carry' debate. MSNBC. August 25, 2009 [October 26, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-03）（英语）.

[Steven_W._Kranz_2006-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Kranz, Steven W. A Survey of State Conceal And Carry Statutes: Can Small Changes Help Reduce the Controversy?. Hamline Law Review. 2006, 29 (638).

[14] Changes Coming to Alabama Gun Laws, WTVM Channel 9, May 22, 2013. [2013-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）.

[15] 存档副本 (PDF). [2013-12-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-12）.

[16] 存档副本 (PDF). [2013-12-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-01）.

[17] 存档副本 (PDF). [2013-12-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-25）.

[18] Emma Tucker, Emma. Texans can now openly carry guns in public without a permit or training. Police say the new law makes it harder to do their jobs. CNN. 2021-09-02 [2023-11-19]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-06）（英语）.

[19] 存档副本 (PDF). [2013-12-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-25）.

[scalia_opinion-20] District of Columbia, et al., v. Dick Anthony Heller. 554 U.S. ____ (2008) (PDF). United States Supreme Court. 2008-06-26 [2010-02-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-27）.

[21] Seventh: The right to bear arms in defense of themselves and of the State, subject to the power of the General Assembly to enact laws to prevent persons from carrying concealed weapons.

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