胰神经内分泌瘤
胰神经内分泌瘤(Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors,简称PanNETs、PETs,或PNETs),是一种源自于胰脏神经分泌细胞的肿瘤。它是属于一种神经内分泌肿瘤,可能为恶性肿瘤或良性肿瘤,其发病率约占胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤(GEP-NETs)的1/3。
胰神经内分泌肿瘤 | |
---|---|
又称 | 胰岛细胞瘤(islet cell tumors)[1][2],或胰内分泌细胞瘤(pancreaticdocrine tumors)[3][4] |
胰脏示意图 | |
类型 | islet cell tumor[*]、gastrointestinal carcinoma[*]、疾病 |
分类和外部资源 | |
医学专科 | 肿瘤学 |
ICD-11 | XH5XB7 |
ICD-10 | C25.4 |
OMIM | [2] |
Orphanet | 97253 |
PanNETs并不常见,仅占所有胰脏肿瘤的 1 至 2% 。
分类
PanNET可以根据功能性,与肿瘤分级和分期来进行分类:
功能性分类
功能型(functional)和非功能型(nonfunctional)两大类,功能型PanNETs的肿瘤会过度分泌激素,造成患者产生相对应的症状,反之则为非功能型[5]。功能型约占所有PanNETs的 10-60 % ,通常会较非功能型早期诊断,且几乎皆为良性[5]。
类型 | 肿瘤原发位置 | 生物标记 | 症状 | 备注 |
---|---|---|---|---|
胰岛素瘤(Insulinoma) | 胰脏头部、体部,及尾部 | 胰岛素、胰岛素原、C-胜肽(C-peptide) | 低血糖、惠普三要项(Whipple triad) | 最常见的PanNETs |
胃泌素瘤(Gastrinoma) | 胃泌素瘤三角(Gastrinoma triangle) | 胃泌素瘤、 胰多肽(polypeptide,PP) | Zollinger–Ellison症候群(胃溃疡、上腹痛、腹泻) | 次常见 |
血管活性肠肽瘤(VIPoma) | 胰脏体部,及尾部 | 血管活性肠肽(VIP) | Verner-Morrison症候群(水泻、低血钾、脱水、胃酸缺乏) | 罕见 |
升糖素瘤(Glucagonoma) | 胰脏体部,及尾部 | 升糖素、肠升糖素(glycentin) | 红疹、游走性红斑、糖尿病、恶病质 | 罕见 |
体制素瘤(Somatostatinoma) | 胰十二指肠沟(Pancreatoduodenal groove)、壶腹、壶腹周围 | 体抑素 | 糖尿病、胆石病、腹泻 | 罕见 |
胰多肽瘤(PPoma) | 胰脏头部 | 胰多肽 | 罕见 | |
促肾上腺皮质素瘤(ACTHoma) | 胰脏 | 促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH) | 库欣氏症候群 | 罕见,发生于胰脏者占异位性库欣氏症的4-16% |
类癌 | 胰脏 | 血清素 | 潮红、腹泻 | 罕见,发生于胰脏者占所有类癌症后群的1% |
副甲状腺荷尔蒙相关蛋白瘤(PTHrp-oma) | 胰脏 | 副甲状腺荷尔蒙相关蛋白(PTHrp) | 高血钙症状,症状会类似副甲状腺过高 | 罕见 |
肿瘤分级
2017年世界卫生组织(WHO)分类系统将 PanNETs 分为三级。该分类系统相对于过去的分类,更强调肿瘤的分级[7]。
分类/分级 | Ki-67增殖指数*(%) | 有丝分裂指数(%) |
---|---|---|
分化良好的PanNETs | ||
PanNET G1 | <3 | <2 |
PanNET G2 | 3 to 20 | 2 to 20 |
PanNET G3 | >20 | >20 |
分化不好的PanNETs:胰脏神经内分泌癌(Pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas,PanNECs) | ||
PanNEC (G3) | >20 | >20 |
小细胞型(Small cell type) | ||
大细胞型(Large cell type) | ||
混合型:肿瘤同时由神经内分泌细胞及非神经内分泌细胞构成 |
肿瘤分期
目前关于PanNETs分类系统主要有欧洲内分泌肿瘤协会(ENETS)系统[9],以及AJCC系统两种,两者皆使用TNM系统进行分期[5]。
症状及征象
功能型PanNETs的症状大多与其分泌激素相关,主要症状源自于该激素过量的表现[10]。非功能型虽也会分泌多种激素,但其激素过量症状并不若功能型那样明显。非功能型PanNETs主要的症状源自于压迫周围器官或是远端转移的症状[11][12][13]。但随着影像学的进步,非功能型PanNETs有时会在压迫症状出现之前,就意外诊断出来[14]:43–44。有时时非功能型的PanNETs也会在疾病后期出现激素过量症状[15]。
命名
PanNETs过去又常被称为胰岛细胞瘤(islet cell tumors),但该名称无法准确描述源自于胰岛之外的PanNETs,因此使用该名称者已逐渐减少[10]。
参见
参考文献
- ^ Burns WR, Edil BH. Neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors: guidelines for management and update. Current treatment options in oncology. March 2012, 13 (1): 24–34. PMID 22198808. doi:10.1007/s11864-011-0172-2.
- ^ Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Islet Cell Tumors) Treatment (PDQ) Health Professional Version. National Cancer Institute. March 7, 2014. [1]
- ^ The PanNET denomination is in line with current WHO guidelines. Historically, PanNETs have also been referred to by a variety of terms, and are still often called "islet cell tumors" or "pancreatic endocrine tumors". See: Klimstra DS, Modlin IR, Coppola D, et al. The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems (PDF). Pancreas. August 2010, 39 (6): 707–12 [2018-05-17]. PMID 20664470. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ec124e. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24).
- ^ Oberg, K. Pancreatic endocrine tumors. Seminars in Oncology. 2010, 37 (6): 594–618. PMID 21167379. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2010.10.014.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Sun, Jian. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Intractable & Rare Diseases Research. 2017, 6 (1): 21–28. ISSN 2186-361X. doi:10.5582/irdr.2017.01007 (英语).
- ^ Vinik, Aaron; Casellini, Carolina; Perry, Roger R.; Feliberti, Eric; Vingan, Harlan. De Groot, Leslie J.; Chrousos, George; Dungan, Kathleen; Feingold, Kenneth R.; Grossman, Ashley; Hershman, Jerome M.; Koch, Christian; Korbonits, Márta; McLachlan, Robert , 编. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc. 2015 [2018-05-17]. PMID 25905300. (原始内容存档于2021-09-29).
- ^ Klimstra, David S.; Modlin, Irvin R.; Coppola, Domenico; Lloyd, Ricardo V.; Suster, Saul. The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems (PDF). Pancreas. August 2010, 39 (6): 707–712 [2018-05-17]. ISSN 1536-4828. PMID 20664470. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ec124e. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24).
- ^ Scoazec, Jean-Yves; Couvelard, Anne. Classification des tumeurs neuroendocrines pancréatiques : nouveautés introduites par la classification OMS 2017 des tumeurs des organes endocrines et perspectives. Annales de Pathologie. 2017-12, 37 (6): 444–456. ISSN 0242-6498. doi:10.1016/j.annpat.2017.10.003 (英语).
- ^ Öberg K, Knigge U, Kwekkeboom D, Perren A. Neuroendocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic tumors: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. October 2012,. 23 Suppl 7: vii124–30 [2018-05-17]. PMID 22997445. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds295. (原始内容存档于2013-10-11). (Table 5 Archive.is的存档,存档日期2014-12-26 outlines the proposed TNM staging system for PanNETs.)
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Classification, epidemiology, clinical presentation, localization, and staging of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. www.uptodate.com. UpToDate. [2018-05-17].
- ^ Vagefi, Parsia A.; Razo, Oswaldo; Deshpande, Vikram; McGrath, Deborah J.; Lauwers, Gregory Y.; Thayer, Sarah P.; Warshaw, Andrew L.; Fernández-Del Castillo, Carlos. Evolving patterns in the detection and outcomes of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: the Massachusetts General Hospital experience from 1977 to 2005. Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill.: 1960). 2007-4, 142 (4): 347–354. ISSN 0004-0010. PMC 3979851 . PMID 17438169. doi:10.1001/archsurg.142.4.347.
- ^ Li, Ji; Luo, Guopei; Fu, Deliang; Jin, Chen; Hao, Sijie; Yang, Feng; Wang, Xiaoyi; Yao, Lie; Ni, Quanxing. Preoperative diagnosis of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England). 2011-12, 28 (4): 1027–1031. ISSN 1559-131X. PMID 20623205. doi:10.1007/s12032-010-9611-3.
- ^ Nomura, Naohiro; Fujii, Tsutomu; Kanazumi, Naohito; Takeda, Shin; Nomoto, Shuji; Kasuya, Hideki; Sugimoto, Hiroyuki; Yamada, Suguru; Nakao, Akimasa. Nonfunctioning neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors: our experience and management. Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery. 2009, 16 (5): 639–647. ISSN 1436-0691. PMID 19365596. doi:10.1007/s00534-009-0099-1.
- ^ Neuroendocrine tumors, NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2015 (PDF). NCCN Guidelines. National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. November 11, 2014 [December 25, 2014]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-24).
- ^ de Mestier, Louis; Hentic, Olivia; Cros, Jérôme; Walter, Thomas; Roquin, Guillaume; Brixi, Hedia; Lombard-Bohas, Catherine; Hammel, Pascal; Diebold, Marie-Danièle. Metachronous hormonal syndromes in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a case-series study. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015-05-19, 162 (10): 682–689 [2018-05-17]. ISSN 1539-3704. PMID 25984844. doi:10.7326/M14-2132. (原始内容存档于2020-05-15).