蝾螺科
鐘螺目的一科软体动物
蝾螺科（学名：Turbinidae）是一个包括有小型到大型海洋腹足纲软体动物的一个科[1]。旧属原始腹足目，现时蝾螺科是钟螺目钟螺总科之下的一个科[2]。
蝾螺科
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| Three views of a shell of Turbo cornutus with the operculum in place | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 软体动物门 Mollusca |
| 纲： | 腹足纲 Gastropoda |
| 亚纲： | 古腹足亚纲 Vetigastropoda |
| 目： | 钟螺目 Trochida |
| 总科： | 钟螺总科 Trochoidea |
| 科： | 蝾螺科 Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815 |
| 属与种 | |
本科在2005年的分类很庞大，包含多个亚科与物种[3]，但这些亚科后来都从蝾螺科独立出来，组成各自的科与总科，到现在又重聚到钟螺总科之下[2]。
型态特征
本科物种的一大特征，是其钙质的口盖，使之与非常近似但有着角质口盖的钟螺科物种分辨开来。蝾螺科物种坚固的口盖成为了它们的一种被动的防御构造，得以抵挡捕食者尝试从其壳口或壳唇进侵其柔软的身体。
贝壳多呈陀螺形。分布于热带、亚热带、温带的海洋，以热带水域为多，栖息于潮间带到浅海之岩礁区。
分布及栖息地
按照Williams et al. (2008)，蝾螺科物种由多个支序组成，而且无论在浅水区或深水区皆有其物种栖息[4]。本科物种有很广阔的分布范围，从热带到极带均有分布，但绝大多数物种都栖息于热带及亚热带的浅水区。
分类
蝾螺科原为前鳃亚纲原始腹足目蝾螺总科的成员。现时蝾螺总科成为了钟螺总科的异名。然而，这一个颇为古老的腹足纲群组很可能源于2.98亿到2.50亿年前的二叠纪[5]。本科物种的型态仍然保有多种原始的特征，例如：它们的螺壳内的珠母层。
2005年分类
根据布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类 (2005年)，蝾螺科是蝾螺总科的成员，由下列八个亚科组成[3]：
- Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
- 海豚螺亚科 Angariinae Gray, 1857[6]：又名棘冠螺亚科，Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868是本亚科的异名。
- 缩口螺亚科 Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917[7][6]
- tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960
- tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995
- tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960
- tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960
- Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
- † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
- Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：异名： Prisogastrinae in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)，拼写错误。[8]
- 篷螺亚科 Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851[6]：Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924是本亚科的异名。
- Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
2008年分类
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根据Williams et al. (2008)的研究成果，蝾螺科被重新定义，还被移到钟螺总科[4]。与此同时，原来蝾螺科之下的海豚螺亚科获提至科级，成为了钟螺总科之下的海豚螺科（Angariidae）；而原来蝾螺科的缩口螺亚科在提升至科级成为缩口螺科（Colloniidae）之余，再与蝾螺总科的雉螺科改为合组新的雉螺总科（Phasianelloidea Swainson, 1840）[4]；Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae[4]。这个时候的蝾螺科包括下列五个亚科[4]：
- 蝾螺亚科 Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815：异名有 Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
- Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family Skeneidae)
- Margaritinae [9]：根据布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类 (2005年)，这个亚科由以下三个族组成。upgraded to the rank of family Margaritidae
- tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.)
- tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990
- tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993
- Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971：获提升至科级成为Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
- Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
下列在2005年分类提及过的亚科都保留了：
- Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：但Moelleria这个属的物种并未有包括在2010年的分子研究里[4][10]
- † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
2017年分类
亚伦氏螺属（Yaronia Mienis, 2011）被重新分到缩口螺科去[11]。
以下为本科现时余下的属[12]。
属
现时本科包括以下各属：
- 不属于任何亚科：
- Phanerolepida Dall, 1907
- Tropidomarga Powell, 1951
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- Astraea Röding, 1798
- 星螺属 Astralium Link, 1807
- Bellastraea Iredale, 1924
- 拟星螺属 Bolma Risso, 1826
- Cookia Lesson, 1832
- 刺螺属 Guildfordia Gray, 1850
- Lithopoma Gray, 1850
- 珠螺属 Lunella Röding, 1798
- Megastraea McLean, 1970[13]
- Modelia Gray, 1850
- Pomaulax Gray, 1850
- Sarmaturbo Powell, 1938 †
- 蝾螺属 Turbo Linnaeus, 1758：模式属
- Uvanilla Gray, 1850
- Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
- Prisogaster Mörch, 1850[8]
- 异名：
- Astrea Link, 1807: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
- Agathistoma Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of Tegula Lesson, 1832
- Amyxa Troschel, 1852: synonym of Prisogaster Mörch, 1850
- Calcar Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Canthorbis Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
- Cardinalia Gray, 1842: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
- Crosseia P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Crossea A. Adams, 1865
- Cyclocantha Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Dinassovica Iredale, 1937: synonym of Turbo (Turbo) Linnaeus, 1758 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
- Distellifer Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Foliastralium Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Galeoastraea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Halopsephus Rehder, 1943: synonym of Turbo (Halopsephus) Rehder, 1943 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
- Harisazaea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Imperator Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
- † Incilaster Finlay, 1926: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Livona Gray, 1842: synonym of Cittarium Philippi, 1847
- Lunatica Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
- Macropelmus Gistel, 1848: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Margarita Leach, 1819: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847
- Micrastraea Cotton, 1939: synonym of Bellastraea Iredale, 1924
- Notosetia Iredale, 1915: synonym of Putilla A. Adams, 1867
- Okinawastraea Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- † Oobolma Sacco, 1896 : synonym of Bolma'' Risso, 1826
- † Ormastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Pachypoma Gray, 1850: synonym of Lithopoma Gray, 1850
- Pagocalcar Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Pseudastralium Schepman, 1908: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Pyramidea Swainson, 1840: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
- Pyramis Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
- Rugastella Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Senobolma Okutani, 1964: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Stella P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Submargarita Strebel, 1908: synonym of Lissotesta Iredale, 1915
- Tharsiella Bush, 1897: synonym of Cirsonella Angas, 1877
- Trochiscus G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of Norrisia Bayle, 1880
- † Tylastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Valvatella Gray, 1857: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847
参考文献
- ^ Bouchet, P. Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. WoRMS.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta. 2008-09, 37 (5): 483–506. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00341.x （英语）.
- ^ Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, ISBN 3-925919-27-9.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 中国科学院中国动物志编辑委员会主编；董正之编著 (编). 中国动物志. 无脊椎动物 第29卷 软体动物门 腹足纲 原始腹足目 马蹄螺总科. 科学出版社. 2002: 210页 [2018-08-21]. ISBN 9787030095091. （原始内容存档于2018-10-03） （中文（简体））.
- ^ 引用错误：没有为名为
WoRMS_382202的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 8.0 8.1 Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 编. Prisogasterinae. WoRMS. 2009 [2010-04-19] –通过WoRMS.
- ^ 引用错误：没有为名为
Thiele, 1924的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Search for Moelleria. National Center for Biotechnology Information. [2010-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-06）.
- ^ Yaronia Mienis, 2011. WoRMS. 2016-06-16 [2018-03-13].
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 编. Turbininae. WoRMS. 2009-02-02 [2018-03-13] –通过WoRMS.
- ^ Alf, A.; Kreipl, K. The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. G.T. Poppe; K. Groh (编). A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 2011: pp. 1–82, pls 104–245 （英语）.
- Marshall, B.A. 1988. Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949-1004.
- Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp.
- Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta. 2008, 37: 483–506 （英语）.
