补语
完成給定表達式含義所必需的單詞,短語或子句
此条目论述以部分区域为主,未必有普世通用的观点。 (2011年1月16日) |
英语补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成分。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定词、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。
汉语中的补语的对象则是谓语,用作丰富动作或限制性功能,但却不是不可缺少的。当中视补充内容的不同,又可分作“结果补语”、“可能补语”、“程度补语”和“处所补语”。[1]
形容词、动词、代词、副词、数量词和短语可以充当补语。“得”是补语的标志。
- 以 “我笑得肚子疼”为例,“我笑”已经能够表达出句子的基本意思,“得肚子痛”只是用作补充“笑”的程度。
- 由于功能与状语相似语法初学者或经常混淆补语和状语。
英语主语的补语
它用在介词之后,是句子的一个基本成分。常用主-介-表结构。
- I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
- 我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认得是她。(her做宾语,with做介词,them做主语补语)
- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?
- Me. 我。 (me做主语补语= It's me.)
- John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. (she做主语补语)
- 约翰希望那位乘客是玛莉,还真是她。
英语语法中宾语的补语
- 不定词(to do)
- Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
- We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
- We made him to copy the sentence.
- He is made to copy the sentence.
- I felt my hands tremble.
- 名词
- At the meeting we elected him monitor.
- I think your brother a clever boy.
- 形容词
- What you said made Xiao Wang angry.
- I found the classroom empty.
- 副词
- Please call the students back at once.
- He was seen to take his cap off.
- 现在分词
- We hear him singing in the hall.
- I found him lying in bed, sleeping.
- 过去分词
- He saw his face reflected in the water.
- I heard it spoken of in the next room.
中文语法中的补语
它用在谓语之后,但不一定要在宾语前。 (下列的补语以斜体表示)
- 我打破了妈妈的茶杯。
- (主语:我;谓语:打;补语:破;虚词:了(忽略);定语(1):妈妈的;定语(2):茶;中心语:杯)
- 结构: 主-谓-补-定-定-宾
- 我看了海报两眼。
- (主语:我;谓语:看;虚词:了(忽略);宾语:海报;补语:两眼)
- 结构: 主-谓-宾-补
- 动词作补语
- 我打破了妈妈的茶杯。