用户:Kevin88lue/沙盒

Kalotermitidae
	; Cryptotermes brevis
科学分类
界：	Animalia;
门：	Arthropoda;
纲：	Insecta;
目：	Blattodea;
下目：	Isoptera;
科：	Kalotermitidae; Froggatt, 1897
Genus
	see text;

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木白蚁科 (Kalotermitidae) 是白蚁的一个类群，俗名“干木白蚁”。木白蚁科有21属419种，分布于干燥气候的环热带地区。

生态

木白蚁科形态、筑巢行为和社会行为都较为原始。和其他白蚁不同，木白蚁科不需要接触土壤也能存活，他们取食木头并居住在其中^[1]，巢体结构简易^[2]。

干木白蚁有特化的储水机制。食物经过后肠时，后肠末端特化的腺体会从粪便中吸收水分，因此木白蚁能在干燥的环境中存活，仅倚靠食物提供水分。木白蚁科的大颚含有锌，可以更容易地取食坚硬的干木^[3]。

木白蚁科取食干木的习性使他们有能力成为经济和都市害虫，他们能取食家具、电线杆、仓储木材和建筑物。漂流木和国际木材贸易有利于干木白蚁扩散^[4]。Cryptotermes brevis 在美国是严重的害虫，分布于夏威夷、佛罗里达州及东南海岸。

繁殖

木白蚁科和其他白蚁一样都是真社会性昆虫，但是木白蚁科的阶级发育比较弹性^[2]^[5]，而且它们没有真工蚁 (true workers)，只有假工蚁 (pseudogates)，假工蚁可以继续发育成兵蚁或繁殖型^[6]。假工蚁得以存在于木白蚁科中是因为白蚁为不完全变态昆虫 (hemimetabolous)，它们没有蛹这个阶段来明确地画分未成熟的“幼虫”与成熟的“成虫”，它们只是暂时担任“工蚁”阶级。从外型上看，假工蚁没有翅芽 (wing buds)，而未成熟的“若虫（未发育成熟的有翅型）”则具有翅芽^[5]。

有翅繁殖型会在气温 27 至 38°C 的暖和晴天分飞，它们会离开木头并朝四面八方飞去。它们会被光吸引，会聚集在灯光附近，Cryptotermes brevis 会特别偏好波长 460 和 550 nm 的光^[7]。落地以后，它们四处摩擦把翅膀弄断，繁殖型会成双成对地筑巢^[8]。

系统分类学

木白蚁科为低等白蚁 (lower termites)，低等白蚁为非正式的分类方式，肠道中除了细菌外还有共生原生动物的白蚁称作低等白蚁，而没有原生动物的白蚁称作高等白蚁^[9]。除了白蚁科外，其他白蚁都是低等白蚁^[10]。近期支序学研究支持木白蚁科为单系群^[9]^[11]。

木白蚁科中属上无更高级的分类阶层^[4]，属与属之间的关系研究甚少，尚未明了^[2]。有限的分子生物学证据支持木白蚁属 (Kalotermes ) 为木白蚁科的基群，因此木白蚁科有两条主要分支，在木白蚁属的分支上，木白蚁属和角木白蚁属 (Ceratokalotermes ) 为姊妹群，然而，这与先前依照形态做的支序树相悖^[2]。

属

参考文献

^ Arnett, Ross H. 2000. American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. CRC Press. 2nd Edition.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Thompson, G. J.; Miller, L. R.; Lenz, M.; Crozier, R. H. Phylogenetic analysis and trait evolution in Australian lineages of drywood termites (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. December 2000, 17 (3): 419–429. PMID 11133196. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0852.
^ Nalepa, C. A. Origin of termite eusociality: trophallaxis integrates the social, nutritional, and microbial environments. Ecological Entomology. August 2015, 40 (4): 323–335. doi:10.1111/een.12197.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Abe T, Bignell DE, and Higashi M. 2000. Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Noiot C. 1985. Pathways of Caste Development in the Lower Termites in "Caste Determination in Social Insects."
^ "Termite Larvae Info"
^ Ferreira, M.T.; Borges, P.A.; Scheffrahn, R.H. Attraction of alates of Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) to different light wavelengths in South Florida and the Azores. Journal of Economic Entomology. December 2012, 105 (6): 2213–2215. PMID 23356089. doi:10.1603/EC12240  .
^ Scheffrahn, R.H.; Su N. West Indian drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) (Insecta: Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) (报告). IFAS Extension. EENY079. University of Florida. 1999.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Inward DJ, Vogler AP, and Eggleton P. 2007. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of termites (Isoptera) illuminates key aspects of their evolutionary biology.
^ Korb, J.; Hartfelder, K. Life history and development – a framework for understanding developmental plasticity in lower termites. Biological Reviews. August 2008, 83 (3): 295–313. PMID 18979593. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00044.x.
^ Legendre, F; Whiting, MF; Bordereau, C; Cancello, EM; Evans, TA; Grandcolas, P. The phylogeny of termites (Dictyoptera: Isoptera) based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers: Implications for the evolution of the worker and pseudergate castes, and foraging behaviors. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. August 2008, 48 (2): 615–627. PMID 18502666. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.017.

外部链接

Description of an early Cretaceous termite (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) and its associated intestinal protozoa, with comments on their co-evolution.
Drywood Termite (Kalotermitidae) Fact Sheet from the National Pest Management Association with information on habits, habitat and prevention
Kalotermitidae on BugGuide.net
Kalotermitidae on the Tree of Life web project

[1] Arnett, Ross H. 2000. American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. CRC Press. 2nd Edition.

[Australia-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Thompson, G. J.; Miller, L. R.; Lenz, M.; Crozier, R. H. Phylogenetic analysis and trait evolution in Australian lineages of drywood termites (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. December 2000, 17 (3): 419–429. PMID 11133196. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0852.

[Nalepa-3] Nalepa, C. A. Origin of termite eusociality: trophallaxis integrates the social, nutritional, and microbial environments. Ecological Entomology. August 2015, 40 (4): 323–335. doi:10.1111/een.12197.

[book-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Abe T, Bignell DE, and Higashi M. 2000. Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

[Noirot-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Noiot C. 1985. Pathways of Caste Development in the Lower Termites in "Caste Determination in Social Insects."

[6] "Termite Larvae Info"

[lights-7] Ferreira, M.T.; Borges, P.A.; Scheffrahn, R.H. Attraction of alates of Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) to different light wavelengths in South Florida and the Azores. Journal of Economic Entomology. December 2012, 105 (6): 2213–2215. PMID 23356089. doi:10.1603/EC12240  .

[8] Scheffrahn, R.H.; Su N. West Indian drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) (Insecta: Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) (报告). IFAS Extension. EENY079. University of Florida. 1999.

[Inward-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Inward DJ, Vogler AP, and Eggleton P. 2007. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of termites (Isoptera) illuminates key aspects of their evolutionary biology.

[10] Korb, J.; Hartfelder, K. Life history and development – a framework for understanding developmental plasticity in lower termites. Biological Reviews. August 2008, 83 (3): 295–313. PMID 18979593. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00044.x.

[11] Legendre, F; Whiting, MF; Bordereau, C; Cancello, EM; Evans, TA; Grandcolas, P. The phylogeny of termites (Dictyoptera: Isoptera) based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers: Implications for the evolution of the worker and pseudergate castes, and foraging behaviors. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. August 2008, 48 (2): 615–627. PMID 18502666. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.017.

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