上游开放阅读框
上游开放阅读框(Upstream open reading frame,简称uORF)是位于真核生物mRNA5′非翻译区(5′ UTR)的开放阅读框(ORF),可调控(一般为抑制)mRNA主要ORF的转译,少数案例中(如酵母菌的Gcn4基因)uORF则可促进主要开放阅读框的转译[1],为细胞调控基因表现的机制之一[2][3]。
人类基因中约有50%在mRNA的5′ UTR具有uORF,一般长2至100个密码子,多为抑制主要开放阅读框的转译[4],有些mRNA含有超过一个uORF[5]。uORF的异常可能与癌症及数种遗传疾病有关[5]。
机制
转译起始时43S起始前复合物会自mRNA的5′往3′移动以寻找起始密码子,遇到uORF的起始密码子时即会开始转译,转译uORF时核糖体可能发生停滞(并启动无义介导的mRNA降解),或在结束转译后脱离mRNA,不再继续转译下游的主要ORF,因此抑制主要ORF的基因表现,40S核糖体亚基也可能在完成uORF的转译时继续结合在mRNA上并往3′移动,找到主ORF的起始密码子并重新启动转译[5]。长度较长、距主要ORF较近或具核酸二级结构而促使核糖体停滞的uORF较易抑制主ORF的转译[5]。
43S起始前复合物寻找起始密码子时,某些情况下也会跳过uORF,直接转译主要的开放阅读框,此机制与uORF的位置与周边序列有关[5]。另外许多uORF的起始密码子并非AUG,而是其他类似的密码子,其中以CUG最多,其次为GUG(约与AUG数量相等),再次为UUG[5]。
参考文献
- ^ Hinnebusch, Alan G. Translational Regulation of Yeast GCN4: A WINDOW ON FACTORS THAT CONTROL INITIATOR-tRNA BINDING TO THE RIBOSOME *. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997-08-29, 272 (35): 21661–21664 [2021-12-02]. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9268289. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.35.21661 . (原始内容存档于2022-07-12) (英语).
- ^ Vilela C, McCarthy JE. Regulation of fungal gene expression via short open reading frames in the mRNA 5'untranslated region. Molecular Microbiology. August 2003, 49 (4): 859–67. PMID 12890013. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03622.x .
- ^ Lovett PS, Rogers EJ. Ribosome regulation by the nascent peptide. Microbiological Reviews. June 1996, 60 (2): 366–85. PMC 239448 . PMID 8801438. doi:10.1128/MMBR.60.2.366-385.1996.
- ^ Calvo SE, Pagliarini DJ, Mootha VK. Upstream open reading frames cause widespread reduction of protein expression and are polymorphic among humans (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences). 2009, 106 (18): 7507–12 [2021-12-02]. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.7507C. PMC 2669787 . PMID 19372376. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810916106 . (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-20).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Joana SilvaRafael FernandesLuísa Romão. Translational Regulation by Upstream Open Reading Frames and Human Diseases. The mRNA Metabolism in Human Disease. Springer, Cham. 2019: 99-116 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 978-3-030-19965-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19966-1_5. (原始内容存档于2022-03-05).
- ^ Slavoff SA, Mitchell AJ, Schwaid AG, Cabili MN, Ma J, Levin JZ, Karger AD, Budnik BA, Rinn JL, Saghatelian A. Peptidomic discovery of short open reading frame-encoded peptides in human cells. Nature Chemical Biology. 2013, 9 (1): 59–64. PMC 3625679 . PMID 23160002. doi:10.1038/nchembio.1120.