中观应成派

中观应成派梵语Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka),又称随应破派必过性空派大乘佛教中观学派之下的支派之一,由佛护月称建立。这个派别的学说未传入汉传佛教,但在藏传佛教传承下来。后世的格鲁派主要采取他们的见解,并将此认定为中观派的主流。[1]

名称

此派得名于他们使用的辩论技巧。他们采用随应破(prasaṅga)的方式来阐述空性。清辩采用自立量来作为辩论技巧,与他们形成对立,被称为中观自续派(svātantrika)。

随应破,又译为堕过,最早起源于龙树中论》。本意为“堕于过失”,这种辩论技巧认为对方的主张中必有过失,寻找出其过失,就可破斥其主张。当对方最后所有的立论都失败之后,就可以确认一切法都没有实体,亦即是空性的。

月称解释这种方法,为自无宗故。宗(pratijñā)是因明学术语,指主张命题;自无宗,也就是自身不需要先提出自己的意见与见解。这派的见解,同于嘉祥吉藏所说“破邪即是显正”的见解。

历史

随应破派的名称,最早起于佛护、月称。佛护为《中论》作注,提出随应破方法,被清辩认为此法不合理,主张应采自立量。其徒月称反驳清辩的见解,之后形成一个宗派,在那烂陀寺中传承。

月称的见解,之后为寂天继承。经阿底峡传入西藏,在噶当派中传承。经宗喀巴,成为格鲁派的中心宗义。

注释

  1. ^ Padmakara Translation Group 2005,第386, note 12页.

参考文献

主要参考资料
次要参考资料
  • Brunhölzl, Karl, Center of the Sunlit Sky: Madhyamaka in the Kagyu Tradition, Snow Lion Publications, 2004 
  • Garfield, Jay L.; Thakchöe, Sonam, Identifying the Object of Negation and the Status of Conventional Truth: Why the dGag Bya Matters So Much to Tibetan Mādhyamikas, Cowherds (编), Moonshadows: Conventional Truth in Buddhist Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2011 
  • Cheng, Hsueh-Li, The Roots of Zen Buddhism, Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 1981, 8: 451–478 [2021-01-22], doi:10.1111/j.1540-6253.1981.tb00267.x, (原始内容存档于2019-06-02) 
  • Dreyfus, Georges B.J.; McClintock, L. Sara, Introduction, Dreyfus, Georges B.J.; McClintock, L. Sara (编), Svatantrika-Prasangika Distinction: What Difference Does a Difference Make?, Simon and Schuster, 2015 
  • Hopkins, Jeffrey, A Tibetan Perspective on the Nature of Spiritual Experience, Buswell, Jr., Robert E.; Gimello, Robert M. (编), Paths to Liberation. The Marga and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, 1994 
  • Hopkins, Jeffrey, Emptiness Yoga, Kalachakra Tantra. Rite of Initiation, Wisom Publications, 1999 
  • Jinpa, Thupten, Negation, identyfying its object, Leaman, Oliver (编), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Routledge, 2006 
  • Newland, Guy, Schijn en werkelijkheid. De twee waarheden in de vier boeddhistische leerstelsels, KunchabPublicaties, 1999 
  • Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, The Adornment of the Middle Way. Shantarakshita’s Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham, Shambhala, 2005 
  • Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, Introduction to the Middle Way. Candrakirti’s Madhyamakavatara; with commentary by Ju Mipham, Shambhala, 2012 
  • Rizzi, Cesare, Candrakīrti, Motilal Banarsidass, 1988 
Web-sources

延伸阅读

导论
  • Lopez, Introduction; Chapter 2: Svatantrika and Prasangika, A Study of Svatantrika, Snow Lion Publications, 1987 
  • Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, The Adornment of the Middle Way. Shantarakshita’s Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham, Shambhala, 2005 
  • Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, Introduction to the Middle Way. Candrakirti’s Madhyamakavatara; with commentary by Ju Mipham, Shambhala, 2012 
印度中观
  • della Santina, Peter. Madhyamaka Schools in India. Motilal Banarsidass. Delhi. (1986)
西藏中观(主要/次要 参考资料)
  • Candrakirti; Ju Mipham, Introduction to the Middle Way. Candrakirti’s Madhyamakavatara; with commentary by Ju Mipham, Shambhala, 2012  (Candrakirti/Nyingma)
  • Shantarakshita; Ju Mipham, The Adornment of the Middle Way, Shambhala, 2005, ISBN 1-59030-241-9  (Shantarakshita/Nyingma)
  • Tsong Khapa, The great treatise on the stages of the path to enlightenment: Volume 3, Snow Lion Publications, 2002, ISBN 1-55939-166-9  (Gelugpa)
  • Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama; 14th Dalai Lama; Berzin, Alexander, Session 10, The Gelug/Kagyu Tradition of Mahamudra (PDF), Shambhala, 1997 [2021-01-22], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-01-29)  (Gelugpa)
  • Jang-Gya; Lopez, Donald, A Study of Svatantrika, Snow Lion Publications, 1987  (Gelugpa)
  • Brunhölzl, Karl, Center of the Sunlit Sky: Madhyamaka in the Kagyu Tradition, Snow Lion Publications, 2004  (Kagyu)
  • Cabezon, J. I.; Lobsang Dargyay, Freedom from Extremes. Gorampa's "Distinguishing the View" and the Polemics of Emptiness, Wisdom, 2007  (Sakya)
西藏中观(次要参考资料)
  • Dreyfus, Georges B.J.; McClintock, L. Sara (编), Svatantrika-Prasangika Distinction: What Difference Does a Difference Make?, Wisdom Publications, 2003 
  • Vose, Kevin Alan, The Birth of Prāsaṅgika: A Buddhist Movement in India and Tibet, University of Virginia, 2005 
  • Jay L. Garfield (2011), Identifying the Object of Negation and the Status of Conventional Truth: Why the dGag Bya Matters So Much to Tibetan Mādhyamikas页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). In: Moonshadows: Conventional Truth in Buddhist Philosophy页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Oxford University Press ( focuses on the debate between Tsongkhapa and Gorampa)
  • Phuntsho, Karma. Mipham's Dialectics and Debates on Emptiness: To Be, Not to Be or Neither. London: RoutledgeCurzon (2005) ISBN 0-415-35252-5
  • Cornu, Philippe, Nawoord, Schijn en werkelijkheid. De twee waarheden in de vier boeddhistische leerstelsels, KunchabPublicaties, 2001 

参见

外部链接