受害者心态
受害者心态是一种后天的人格特质，其中一个人倾向于承认或认为自己是他人负面行为的受害者，并且在面对这种情况的相反证据时表现得好像是这种情况。 受害者的心态取决于清晰的思维过程和归因。在某些情况下，那些具有受害者心态的人实际上已经成为他人不法行为的受害者，或者因自己的过错而遭受了其他不幸。 然而，这种不幸并不一定意味著一个人会通过发展一种普遍而普遍的受害者心态来做出回应，在这种心态中，一个人经常或不断地认为自己是一个受害者。[1]
该术语还用于指将自己的不幸归咎于他人的不当行为之倾向，也被称为受害主义。[2][3]同样，犯罪分子经常透过受害者思维，认为自己是道德的，从事犯罪只是作为对不道德世界的反击，而且还认为当局不公平地针对他们进行迫害。[4]
受害者心态主要是来自家庭成员以及童年时期的处境中发展而来的。
特征
受害者心态可能以各种行为或思维方式表现出来：
- 认为他人是自身处境的原因，否认对自己的生活或处境负个人责任
- 将负面意图归咎于加害者
- 相信其他人比自己更幸运
- 通过自怜的表现或接受他人的同情来获得解脱
它通常以悲观、自怜和压抑的愤怒态度为特征。具有受害者心态的人也可能有下列倾向：
参考资料
- ^ The Victim Mentality – What It Is & Why You Use It. Counselling Blog. HarleyTherapy.co.uk (Harley Therapy Ltd.- Psychotherapy & Counselling in London). April 26, 2016 [2006] [August 7, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-20）.
- ^ Harvey, Annelie J.; Callan, Mitchell J. Getting "Just Deserts" or Seeing the "Silver Lining": The Relation between Judgments of Immanent and Ultimate Justice. Abstract. PLOS ONE. July 18, 2014, 9 (7): e101803. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j1803H. PMC 4103766
. PMID 25036011. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101803 . Observers engaged in more ultimate justice reasoning for a "good" victim & greater immanent justice reasoning for a "bad" victim. Participants' construals of their bad breaks varied as a function of their self-worth, w/ greater immanent justice reasoning for participants with lower self-esteem.
- ^ Kaminer, Wendy. The Culture of 'Victimism' Gives Way to a Culture of Bullying. The Atlantic. July 30, 2010 [August 7, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-20）.
- ^ Bar-Tal, Daniel; Chernyak-Hai, Lily; Schori, Noa; Gundar, Ayelet. A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts (PDF). Sequential stages: the process of victimization; Victim-to-victimizer cycle. International Review of the Red Cross. June 2009, 91 (874): 234; 256 [August 7, 2018]. S2CID 53594158. doi:10.1017/S1816383109990221. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-08-08）.
those who perceive themselves as a victim attempt to gain social validation by persuading others (family, friends, authorities, etc.) to recognize that the harm occurred & that they are victims...the sense of collective victimhood is related to negative affective consequences of fear, reduced empathy & anger, to cognitive biases such as interpretation of ambiguous information as hostile & threatening, to emergence of the belief that violent action taken is morally justified, to reduced moral accountability & finally to a tendency to seek revenge.
参考书目
- Christopher Peterson (2006). A Primer in Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press.
- Thomas J. Nevitt: The Victim Mentality. https://web.archive.org/web/20121014034523/http://aaph.org/node/214