密克罗尼西亚翠鸟
密克罗尼西亚翠鸟(学名Todiramphus cinnamominus)是关岛、波纳佩及帛琉的一种翠鸟。其下的亚种关岛密克罗尼西亚翠鸟因棕树蛇的入侵而在野外灭绝,只可以饲养繁殖。
密克罗尼西亚翠鸟 | |
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科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 鸟纲 Aves |
目: | 佛法僧目 Coraciiformes |
科: | 翠鸟科 Alcedinidae |
属: | 领翡翠属 Todiramphus |
种: | 密克罗尼西亚翠鸟 T. cinnamominus
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二名法 | |
Todiramphus cinnamominus (Swainson, 1821)
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分类及特征
密克罗尼西亚翠鸟有三个亚种,每一个限于单一岛屿上:
- 关岛密克罗尼西亚翠鸟(T. c. cinnamominus):指名亚种。
- 波纳佩密克罗尼西亚翠鸟(T. c. reichenbachii)
- 帛琉密克罗尼西亚翠鸟(T. c. pelewensis)
已灭绝的琉球翠鸟有时也会被分类成密克罗尼西亚翠鸟的亚种。[2]
这些亚种的分别主要在其主羽及体型大小上,帛琉的最为细小,而关岛的则最大。[3]它们的色彩鲜艳,长约20-24厘米,体型中等。它们的背部呈虹蓝色,头部呈锈肉桂色。波纳佩及帛琉的成鸟下身呈白色,幼鸟的下身却是肉桂色。相反,关岛的雄性成鸟下身却是肉桂色,而雌鸟及幼鸟的下身是白色。所有亚种的喙都是侧面扁平的,脚深色。
行为
密克罗尼西亚翠鸟是生活在森林之中,倾向不怎么露面。在波纳佩,它们会沿森林边缘在电话线上觅食;在帛琉的则很不明显。它们只吃甲壳类。在关岛,它们的巢是在软木树中挖穴而成或进占白蚁的[4];在波纳佩,它们的巢则是进占白蚁的。[5]它们会保护自己的地盘。[6]双亲都会照顾雏鸟,一些波纳佩的雏鸟会留在双亲身边较长时间。[7]
保育状况
两个密克罗尼西亚翠鸟的亚种都面临生存威胁。关岛的被入侵的棕树蛇所灭绝[8],现时已被美国列为濒危物种。[9]它们只有饲养的群落,为数少于100只。现已有计画将它们重新引入到关岛的保护区及森林中。[10]在波纳佩的亚种于1983年至1994年间就下降了63%。[11]波纳佩鸟类的下降原因不明。
参考
- ^ BirdLife International. Todiramphus cinnamominus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013].
- ^ Fry, C.H., K. Fry, A. Harris. Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1992.
- ^ Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, and D.G. Berrett. The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1987.
- ^ Marshall, S.D. Nest sites of the Micronesian Kingfisher on Guam. Wilson Bulletin. 1989, 101: 472–7.
- ^ Kesler, D.C., and S.M. Haig. Selection of arboreal termitaria for nesting by cooperatively breeding Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers. Ibis. 2005, 147: 188–96.
- ^ Kesler, D.C. Population demography, resource use, and movement in cooperatively breeding Micronesian Kingfishers. Corvallis, OR: Doctoral dissertation. Oregon State University. 2006.
- ^ Kesler, D.C. Nest site selection in cooperatively breeding Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina reichenbachii): Does nest-site abundance limit reproductive opportunities?. Corvallis, OR: M.S. thesis. Oregon State University. 2002.
- ^ Savidge, J. A. Extinction of an island forest avifauna by an introduced snake. Ecology. 1987, 68: 660–8.
- ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1984. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: determination of endangered status for seven birds and two bats on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Federal Register 50 CFR Part 17 49(167), 33881-33885.
- ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2004. Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Sihek or Guam Micronesian Kingfisher (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina).
- ^ Buden, D.W. A comparison of 1983 and 1994 bird surveys of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. Wilson Bulletin. 2000, 112: 403–10.
- Haig, S.M., and J.D. Ballou. 1995. Genetic diversity among two avian species formerly endemic to Guam. Auk 112: 445-455.
- Haig, S.M., J.D. Ballou, and N.J. Casna. 1995. Genetic identification of kin in Micronesian Kingfishers. Journal of Heredity 86: 423-431.
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2004. Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Sihek or Guam Micronesian Kingfisher (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR.