希格斯玻色子的探索历史
在本篇文章里,希格斯玻色子简称为“希子”。所有实验结果的“置信水平”都是使用信号置信水平方法计算求得。[1]假若侦测到可能为新粒子的事件数量超过背景数量,则称此为“超额事件”。任何发现新粒子的超额事件必需多过5个标准差才可算为正式发现。假若超额事件多过5个标准差,则侦测错误的机会是百万分之一。
1989年-2009年
2010年
2011年
- 7月24日,分析超环面仪器(ATLAS)的实验数据,排除标准模型希子的质量在155-以内,置信水平95%; 190 GeV[8]又从紧凑缈子线圈(CMS)得到的实验结果,排除质量在149-以内,置信水平95%。 206 GeV[9]超环面仪器实验团队在同报告里表示,LHC可能已侦测到希子的踪迹,在低质量值域120−,侦测到超额事件,大约超过背景数量期望值2.8个 140 GeV标准差。[10]
- 7月27日,CDF/DØ实验团队发表结果,延伸先前排除值域至156-,置信水平95%;另外,在值域125- 177 GeV内,发现少许超额事件(大约1个标准差)。 155 GeV[11]
2012年
- 3月7日,CDF/DØ实验团队表示,在Tevatron的全部数据里,侦测到可以被认为是希子的超额事件,质量在115-值域,标准差为2.2,对应于可能是统计涨落的 135 GeV或然率是250分之1。这符合超环面仪器与CMS独立获得的结果。[17]这结果排除希子质量在147-以内,置信水平95%。 179 GeV[18]
- 7月2日,DØ与CDF实验团队宣布,进一步分析使他们更加有信心。他们排除希子的质量在100-、147- 103 GeV以内,置信水平95%。在能量115–140 GeV之间区域,超额事件的显著性差异现在定量为2.9个 180 GeV标准差,这对应于在550次事件中,有一次事件是归咎于统计涨落。这结果仍旧未能达到5个标准差,因此不能够作定论。[19][20]
- 7月2日,超环面仪器实验团队发表2011年实验数据分析,排除希子的质量在111.4-、119.4- 116.6 GeV、129.2- 122.1 GeV以内,置信水平95%,又在质量 541 GeV附近检测出超额事件,标准差为2.9 126 GeV[21]
2013年
参阅
参考文献
- ^ Read, A. L. Presentation of search results: The CL(s) technique. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 2002, 28 (10): 2693–2704 [2012-07-30]. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/28/10/313. (原始内容存档于2015-01-27).
- ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. Searches for Higgs Bosons (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 2006, 33: 5-6 [2012-07-30]. Bibcode:2006JPhG...33....1Y. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-01-27).
- ^ T. Aaltonen (CDF and DØ Collaborations). Combination of Tevatron searches for the standard model Higgs boson in the W+W− decay mode. Physical Review Letters. 2010, 104 (6). Bibcode:2010PhRvL.104f1802A. arXiv:1001.4162 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.061802.
- ^ Fermilab experiments narrow allowed mass range for Higgs boson. Fermilab. 26 July 2010 [26 July 2010]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-24).
- ^ Mass hysteria! Science world buzzing over rumours the elusive 'God Particle' has finally been found- dailymail.co.uk. Mail Online. 24 April 2011 [24 April 2011]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-01).
- ^ Brumfiel, Geoff. The collider that cried 'Higgs'. Nature. 2011 [2012-07-30]. Bibcode:2011Natur.473..136B. doi:10.1038/473136a. (原始内容存档于2020-11-25).
- ^ Butterworth, Jon. The Guardian, "Rumours of the Higgs at ATLAS". Guardian. 2011-04-24 [7 December 2011].
- ^ ATLAS Collaboration. Combination of the Searches for the Higgs Boson in ~1 fb−1 of Data Taken with the ATLAS Detector at 7 TeV Center-of-Mass Energy. ATLSA Note. CERN. 24 July 2011. ATLAS-CONF-2011-112.
- ^ CMS Collaboration. Search for standard model Higgs boson in pp collisions at sqrt{s}=7 TeV. CMS Physics Analysis Summaries. CERN. 2011-07-23. CMS-PAS-HIG-11-011.
- ^ "Combined Standard Model Higgs Boson Searches in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS Experiment at the LHC" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) ATLAS Note (24 July 2011) (pdf) The ATLAS Collaboration. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- ^ The CDF & D0 Collaborations. Combined CDF and D0 Upper Limits on Standard Model Higgs Boson Production with up to 8.6 fb-1 of Data. 2011-07-27. arXiv:1107.5518 [hep-ex].
- ^ Brumfiel, Geoff. Higgs hunt enters endgame. Nature News. 18 November 2011 [22 November 2011]. (原始内容存档于2011-12-06).
- ^ CMS Collaboration. Combined Standard Model Higgs boson searches with up to 2.3 inverse femtobarns of pp collision data at sqrt(s)=7 TeV at the LHC. CMS Physics Analysis Summaries. CERN. 2011-11-18. (原始内容存档于2015-09-20).
- ^ ATLAS collaboration. Combination of Higgs Boson Searches with up to 4.9 fb-1 of pp Collisions Data Taken at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with the ATLAS Experiment at the LHC. ATLAS Note. CERN. 2011-12-13.
- ^ CMS search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson in LHC data from 2010 and 2011. CERN. 13 December 2011 [13 December 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-07).
- ^ Search for Higgs bosons of the minimal supersymmetric standard model in p-p collisions at sqrt(s)=1.96 TeV (PDF). DØ Collaboration. 22 December 2011 [23 December 2011]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-01).
- ^ Lemonick, Michael D.. (22 February 2012) Higgs Boson: Found at Last? (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). TIME. Retrieved on 9 March 2012.
- ^ The TEVNPH Working Group, Combined CDF and D0 Search for Standard Model Higgs Boson Production with up to 10.0 fb-1 of Data, CDF/DØ Collaboration, 16 March 2012 [2012-07-30], (原始内容存档于2022-03-27)
- ^ Tevatron scientists announce their final results on the Higgs particle. Fermilab press room. 2 July 2012 [2 July 2012]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-21).
- ^ The CDF & D0 Collaborations. Updated Combination of CDF and D0 Searches for Standard Model Higgs Boson Production with up to 10.0 fb-1 of Data. 2 July 2012. arXiv:1207.0449 [hep-ex].
- ^ ATLAS Collaboration. Combined search for the Standard Model Higgs boson in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector. 2 July 2012. arXiv:1207.0319 [hep-ex].
- ^ Latest Results from ATLAS Higgs Search. ATLAS News. CERN. 4 July 2012 [4 July 2012]. (原始内容存档于2012年7月7日).
- ^ ATLAS collaboration. Observation of an Excess of Events in the Search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. ATLAS-CONF-2012-093. 2012 [2012-07-30]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-14).
- ^ Taylor, Lucas. Observation of a New Particle with a Mass of 125 GeV. CMS Public Website. CERN. 4 July 2012 [4 July 2012]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-05).
- ^ CMS collaboration. Observation of a new boson with a mass near 125 GeV. CMS-PAS-HIG-12-020. 2012 [2012-07-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-09).
- ^ CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson. CERN. 4 July 2012 [4 July 2012]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-05).
- ^ CMS Collaboration, Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC, 31 July 2012 [15 August 2012]
- ^ ATLAS Collaboration, Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, 31 July 2012 [15 August 2012], (原始内容存档于2014-06-27)
- ^ Higgs Boson Positively Identified. Science. 2013-03-14 [2013-03-14]. (原始内容存档于2013-05-11).
- ^ New results indicate that new particle is a Higgs boson. CERN. 2013-03-14 [2013-03-14]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-20).