波兰裔美国人历史

波兰裔美国人历史是指波兰裔美国人的历史。在十三殖民地时期（1608年），北美境内就有波兰裔人士。后来波兰裔美国人成为美国境内最大的斯拉夫裔群体。

历史上共有3次大规模波兰人移民潮，1870年至1914年是波兰人第一波移民潮，也是规模最大的一次移民潮，在第二次世界大战之后出现第二波移民潮，1989年苏东剧变后又出现第三波移民潮。现今大多数波兰裔美国人的祖先都是1870年至1914年间移民至美国的。当时波兰本土被德意志帝国、俄罗斯帝国和奥匈帝国瓜分，大量波兰人移民至美国。此时大多数波兰移民都是贫困农民，这些下层阶级移民中的很大一部分来自加利西亚。移民至美国的波兰人中有三分之一在美国待了几年后返回波兰，但大多数人还是选择留在美国。 1921年至1945年间，受反移民法的影响，移民至美国的波兰人大幅减少，但二战后，移民至美国的波兰人人数再次上升。1945年至1989年间，许多不愿意被波兰人民共和国统治的波兰人移民至美国，此时是第二波波兰人移民高潮。1989年波兰摆脱共产党统治后，又出现第三波波兰人移民潮，但第三波的规模比前两波要小得多。

现今波兰裔美国人的平均收入已从此前远低于美国平均水平上升到高于美国平均水平，许多波兰裔美国人与其他族群通婚，所以现今只有不到5%的波兰裔美国人还会讲波兰语。

参考书目

• Abernathy, Francis E. Built in Texas. Publications of the Texas Folklore Society 42 2nd. University of North Texas Press. 2000: 132– [April 10, 2013]. ISBN 978-1-57441-092-1. ISSN 0082-3023. 
• Alba, Richard D. Ethnic identity: the transformation of white America. Yale University Press. 1990. ISBN 978-0-300-05221-3. 
• Allen, Debra. An unacknowledged consensus: Polish American views about the Oder-Niesse Line during the Truman Administration. Polish American Studies (Polish American Historical Association). Spring 2000, 57 (1): 73–83. ISSN 0032-2806. JSTOR 20148581. S2CID 254437617. doi:10.2307/20148581. 
• Andrews, Theodore. The Polish National Catholic Church in America and Poland. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 1953. OCLC 997124. 
• Applebaum, Anne. Iron curtain: the crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956 1st United States. New York: Doubleday. 2012. ISBN 9780385515696. 
• Armstrong, Jennifer. Theodore Roosevelt: letters from a young coal miner (Novel). Winslow Press. 2000. ISBN 978-1-890817-27-5. 
• Aroian, Karen J. Polish immigrants in the U.S.: adjusting to capitalism. Polish American Studies (Polish American Historical Association). Autumn 1990, 47 (2): 75–86. JSTOR 20148334. 
• Bain, Donald. Charlie and the Shawneetown Dame: love and madness in the Roaring Twenties, an incredible true story. Purdue University Press. 1978 [April 23, 2013]. ISBN 978-1-55753-375-3. 
• Baker, T. Lindsay. The Polish Texans. San Antonio: The University of Texas Institute of Texas Cultures-San Antonio. 1982. 
• Baker, T. Lindsay. The Significance of the Silesians in Texas. The first Polish Americans: Silesian settlements in Texas. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. 1996 [©1979] [April 3, 2013]. ISBN 978-0-89096-725-6. 
• Barbour, Philip L. The identity of the first Poles in America. The William and Mary Quarterly. January 1964, 21 (1): 77–92. JSTOR 1923357. doi:10.2307/1923357. 
• Barrick, Mac E. Racial riddles and the Polack joke. Boskin, Joseph (编). The Humor Prism in 20th Century American Society. Wayne State University Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0-8143-2597-1. 
• Biskupski, Mieczysław B. Canada and the creation of a Polish army, 1914–1918. The Polish Review (Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences of America). 1999, 44 (3): 339–380. ISSN 0032-2970. JSTOR 25779141. 
• Bismarck, Otto von. Bismarck and the 'Polish Question'  (演讲). Speech to the Lower House of the Prussian Parliament. 由Levy, Richard S.翻译. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University. January 28, 1886. （原始内容存档于December 5, 1998）. 
• Blejwas, Stanislaus A. Puritans and Poles: the New England literary image of the Polish peasant immigrant. Polish American Studies (Polish American Historical Association). Autumn 1985, 42 (2): 46–88. ISSN 0032-2806. JSTOR 20148179. 
• Blejwas, Stanislaus A. Muskie, Edmund Sixtus (1914–1996). Barkan, Elliott Robert (编). Making it in America: a sourcebook on eminent ethnic Americans. ABC-CLIO: 248. 2001. ISBN 978-1-57607-098-7. 
• Borkowski, Thomas S. Some pattern in Polish surname changes. Polish American Studies (Polish American Historical Association). January–June 1963, 20 (1): 14–16. ISSN 0032-2806. JSTOR 20147629. 
• Brigham, Carl C. A study of American intelligence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1923: 122–123, 142, 146, 202. OCLC 62106653. 
• Bukowczyk, John J. Polish Americans and Their History: Community, Culture, and Politics. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press. 1996. 
• Burton, William L. Melting pot soldiers: the Union's ethnic regiments. North's Civil War 4 2nd. New York: Fordham University Press. 1998. ISBN 9780823218271. 
• Cahan, Abraham. Yekl: a tale of the New York Ghetto. New York: Appleton. 1896. OCLC 647091700. 
• Carpenter, Niles. Immigrants and their children, 1920: A study based on census statistics relative to the foreign born and the native white of foreign or mixed parentage. Govt. Print. Off. 1927: 350– [April 30, 2013]. 
• Chmielewski, David Gwidon. Earliest Polish connections to America (PDF). Alliance newsletter (Toledo, OH). Fall 2008: [4–5]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于November 26, 2010）. 
• Cohen, Mark. 写于Scranton, PA. Churches reach across long divide. New York Times (New York). February 15, 1992 (February 17, 1992) [2024-01-07]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-07）. 
• Daniels, R. L.  'Polanders' in Texas. Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science (Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott). March 1883,. new series 5 [April 23, 2013]. OCLC 656599432. 
• Davis, John R. Poland looks to President Bush (PDF) (Letter). Letter to James Baker. Embassy of the United States, Warsaw. June 8, 1989. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于March 8, 2016）. 
• Dickter, Adam. New York City. Skolnik, Fred (编). Encyclopaedia Judaica 2nd. Gale Group. 2008. （原始内容存档于March 4, 2016） –通过Jewish Virtual Library. 
• Dyboski, Roman. Krzyżanowski, Ludwik , 编. Poland in world civilization. New York: J. M. Barrett. 1950: 50. OCLC 610185659. 
• Erdmans, Mary P. Opposite Poles: immigrants and ethnics in Polish Chicago, 1976–1990. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. 1998. ISBN 9780271017358. 
• Fee, Elizabeth. Baltimore book: new views of local history. Temple University Press. 1993. ISBN 978-1-56639-184-9. 
• Galush, William J. Immigrant faith, American future: Poles and religion before World War II (PDF) (演讲). Occasional papers in Polish and Polish American studies. New Britain, CT: Central Connecticut State University. 1999 (2000) [May 11, 2014]. ISSN 1092-4280. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于February 23, 2016）. 
• Galush, William J. What should Janek learn? Staffing and curriculum in Polish-American parochial schools, 1870–1940. History of Education Quarterly. Winter 2000, 40 (4): 395–417. JSTOR 369723. S2CID 144724376. doi:10.2307/369723. 
• Galush, William. The unremembered movement: abstinence among Polish Americans. Polish American Studies (Polish American Historical Association). Autumn 2006, 63 (2): 13–22. ISSN 0032-2806. JSTOR 20148751. S2CID 254429243. doi:10.2307/20148751. 
• Gardner, Martha. The Qualities of a Citizen: Women, Immigration, and Citizenship, 1870-1965. Princeton University Press. 10 January 2009. ISBN 978-1-4008-2657-5 （英语）. 
• Giergielewicz, Mieczysław. August Antoni Jakubowski and his 'Remembrances Of A Polish Exile' . The Polish Review (Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences of America). Spring 1971, 16 (2): 67–89. ISSN 0032-2970. JSTOR 25776975. 
• Gieysztor, Aleksander; et al (编). History of Poland. 由Cękalska, Krystyna翻译. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 1968. 
• Golab, Caroline. Immigrant destinations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1977. ISBN 9780877221098. 
• Gory, Duane E. Polish immigration to America: before and after the fall of the Berlin Wall. The Polish Review (Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences of America). 1995, 40 (1): 73–79. ISSN 0032-2970. JSTOR 25778828. 
• Grabowski, John J.; et al. Polish Americans and their communities of Cleveland. Cleveland ethnic heritage studies Web ed. of 1976 print. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Memory Project of the Michael Schwartz Library, Cleveland State University. 1976 (October 2, 2002) [2024-01-07]. OCLC 15737117. （原始内容存档于2024-01-07）. 

  Boberg, Alice; Wroblewski, Ralph. "Polish immigration to the United States". In Grabowski et al. (1976), pp. 76–150.

• Greene, Victor. Poles. Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar (编). Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: 787–803. 1980. ISBN 9780674375123. 
• Griffin, Patrick; Horn, James; Radzilowski, John. Global Jamestown and the Poles. withgoodreasonradio.org (播客). Charlottesville, VA: Virginia Foundation of the Humanities. January 27, 2007. 事件发生在 5:15. （原始内容存档于February 22, 2014）. 其他存档：mp3.
• Haiman, Miecislaus. The Polish American contribution to World War II. Polish American Studies (Polish American Historical Association). January–June 1946, 3 (1/2): 35–37. ISSN 0032-2806. JSTOR 20147063. 
• Hapak, Joseph T. Selective service and Polish Army recruitment during World War I. Journal of American Ethnic History (Immigration & Ethnic History Society). Summer 1991, 10 (4): 38–60. ISSN 0278-5927. JSTOR 27500870. 
• Helmreich, William. The things they say behind your back: stereotypes and the myths behind them. Transaction Publishers. 1984. ISBN 978-1-4128-3933-4. 
• Hillstrom, Kevin; Hillstrom, Laurie Collier. The Industrial Revolution in America: Iron and steel. ABC-CLIO. 2005. ISBN 978-1-85109-620-6. 
• Hutchinson, Edward P. Legislative history of American immigration policy, 1798–1965. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1981. ISBN 9780812277968. 
• Illinois. Office of Inspector of Factories and Workshops. Child labor. Annual report of the factory inspectors of Illinois. Chicago: Office of Inspector of Factories and Workshops, State of Illinois. 1896. OCLC 745518138. 
• Ingram, Scott; Asher, Robert. Polish Immigrants. Infobase Publishing. January 1, 2009 [April 15, 2013]. ISBN 978-1-4381-0363-1. 
• Jacobson, Matthew Frye. Special sorrows: the diasporic imagination of Irish, Polish, and Jewish immigrants in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1995. ISBN 9780674831858. 
• Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann, Anna D. (编). Letters from readers in the Polish American Press, 1902-1969: a corner for everybody. 由Zawistowski, Theodore L.; Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann, Anna D.翻译. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. 2014. ISBN 9780739188729. 
  • Gortych, J. "He does not believe in Prohibition". In Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann (2014), p. 265, Letter first published 1928-12-23 in the Polish-language weekly Ameryka-Echo.
• Jensen, Richard.  'No Irish need apply': A myth of victimization. Journal of Social History slightly revised online. December 22, 2004, 36 (2): 405–429 [article published in print 2002]. S2CID 145258998. doi:10.1353/jsh.2003.0021. （原始内容存档于February 8, 2005）. 
• Kantowicz, Edward R. Polish Chicago: survival through solidarity. Holli, Melvin G.; Jones, Peter d'Alroy (编). Ethnic Chicago Rev. and expanded. Grand Rapids, MI: W. B. Eerdmans. 1984: 214–238. ISBN 9780802819772. 
• Kelley, Florence. The working boy. American Journal of Sociology (University of Chicago Press). November 1896, 2 (3): 358–368. ISSN 0002-9602. JSTOR 2761630. S2CID 44100543. doi:10.1086/210622. 
• Kivisto, Peter. Americans all: race and ethnic relations in historical, structural, and comparative perspectives. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 1995. ISBN 9780534243661. 
• Kochanski, Halik. The Eagle unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2012. ISBN 9780674068148. 
• Koed, Betty. Dillingham Commission's ranking of immigrant groups affected U.S. policy for decades. All Things Considered. 访谈 with Audie Cornish (NPR). January 28, 2013 [2024-01-07]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-07）. 
• Kraitsir, Charles V. The Poles in the United States of America: preceded by the earliest history of the Slavonians, and by the history of Poland. Philadelphia: Kiderlen and Stollmeyer. 1837. OCLC 729643899. 
• Krasowska, Constance. The Polish National Alliance and the liberation of Poland. Polish American Studies (Polish American Historical Association). January–June 1955, 12 (1/2): 11–18. JSTOR 20147378. 
• Kula, Witold; Assorodobraj-Kula, Nina; Kula, Marcin (编). Writing home: immigrants in Brazil and the United States, 1890–1891. East European monographs 210. 由Wtulich, Josephine翻译. Boulder: East European Monographs. 1986. ISBN 9780880331074. 
• Kuzniewski, Anthony J. Faith and fatherland: the Polish church war in Wisconsin, 1896–1918. Notre Dame studies in American Catholicism 3. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. 1980. ISBN 9780268009489. 
• Lerski, Jerzy Jan. A Polish chapter in Jacksonian America: the United States and the Polish exiles of 1831. University of Wisconsin Press. 1958 [September 8, 2013]. ISBN 9780598177216. 
• Lemire, Jonathan. Mitt Romney praises Poland, Pope John Paul II, in bid to impress Polish-American voters. nydailynews.com (New York Daily News). July 31, 2012. （原始内容存档于August 3, 2012）. 
• Lessenberry, Jack. Roman Gribbs looks back. domemagazine.com. December 30, 2011. （原始内容存档于March 4, 2012）. 
• Lieberson, Stanley. A piece of the pie: blacks and white immigrants since 1880. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1980. ISBN 9780520041233. 
• Lipski, John M. Prejudice and pronunciation (PDF). American Speech (Duke University Press). Spring–Summer 1976, 51 (1/2): 109–118. ISSN 0003-1283. JSTOR 455361. doi:10.2307/455361. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于November 9, 2013） –通过psu.edu. 
• Lopata, Helena Znaniecka. Polish Americans: status competition in an ethnic community. Ethnic groups in American life series. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 1976. ISBN 978-0-13-686436-3. OCLC 1959615.  含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)
• Lopata, Helena Znaniecka; Erdmans, Mary Patrice. Polish Americans 2nd, rev. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 1994. ISBN 978-1-4128-3106-2. 
• Lukas, Richard C. Bitter legacy: Polish–American relations in the wake of World War II. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 1982. ISBN 978-0-8131-1460-6. 
• Mach, Zdzislaw. Symbols, Conflict and Identity: Essays in Political Anthropology. SUNY series in anthropological studies of contemporary issues. State University of New York Press. 1993: 248. ISBN 978-1-4384-1156-9. 
• Madaj, Menceslaus J. The Polish community: a ghetto?. Polish American Studies (Polish American Historical Association). July–December 1968, 25 (2): 65–71, 125. ISSN 0032-2806. JSTOR 20147784. 
• Maynard, Christopher. Out of the shadow: George H. W. Bush and the end of the Cold War. Texas A&M University Press. 2008: 19–20 [May 26, 2013]. ISBN 978-1-60344-039-4. 
• McCook, Brian. The borders of integration: Polish migrants in Germany and the United States, 1870-1924. Ohio University Press Polish and Polish-American studies series. Ohio University Press. 2011 [August 14, 2013]. ISBN 978-0-8214-1926-7. 
• Nesterowicz, Stefan. Notatki z podróży po Północnej i Środkowej Ameryce [Notes from travels through Northern and Middle America]. Toledo, OH: A. A. Paryski. 1909. OCLC 607199786 （波兰语）. 
• Majewski, Karen. Traitors and true Poles: narrating a Polish-American identity, 1880–1939. Ohio University Press Polish and Polish-American studies series. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-8214-1470-5. 
• McMillan, Bill. It's hard to watch your roots die. The Sunday News Magazine. June 9, 1974: 10. 
• Meyer, Bill; et al. Pope Benedict XVI beatifies John Paul II before throng of 1.5 million. cleveland.com (Cleveland, OH). The Plain Dealer. Associated Press. May 1, 2011. （原始内容存档于July 8, 2012）. 
• Milewski, Frank. WWII and holocaust: just a big joke at Disney's ABC-TV. canadafreepress.com. Canada Free Press. December 20, 2013. （原始内容存档于March 10, 2016）. 
• Miller, Eugene. Leo Krzycki: Polish American labor leader. Polish American Studies (Polish American Historical Association). Autumn 1976, 33 (2): 52–64. ISSN 0032-2806. JSTOR 20147963. 
• Mocha, Frank (编). Poles in America: bicentennial essays. Stevens Point, WI: Worzalla. 1978. OCLC 651970888. 
• Nemkovich, Robert M. Historical timeline of the PNCC (PDF). pncc.org. Scranton, PA: Polish National Catholic Church. June 11, 2014 [February 24, 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于February 25, 2016）. 
• New York State Unit History Project. 58th Infantry Regiment, Civil War. dmna.ny.gov. Saratoga Springs, NY: New York Military Museum and Veterans Research Center. February 10, 2016 [April 26, 2016]. （原始内容存档于March 22, 2016）. 
• Olechno-Huszcza, Gillian. Feliks Pawel Wierzbicki in California. Polish American Studies (Polish American Historical Association). Spring 1985, 42 (1): 59–69. ISSN 0032-2806. JSTOR 20148167. PMID 11617923. 
• Olson, Laura Katz. Age through ethnic lenses: caring for the elderly in a multicultural society. Rowman & Littlefield. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7425-0114-0. 
• Osada, Stanisław. Historya Związku Narodowego Polskiego i rozwój ruchu narodowego Polskiego w Ameryce Północnej: w dwudziestą piątą rocznicę założenia Związku. Chicago: Związek Narodowy Polski. 1905. OCLC 671679121 （波兰语）. 
• O'Toole, James. Specter's ethnic jokes lay an egg. post-gazette.com (Pittsburgh: PG Publishing). Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 17, 2008. （原始内容存档于January 4, 2015）. 
• Pacyga, Dominic. Polish immigrants and industrial Chicago: workers on the South Side, 1880–1922. University of Chicago Press. 1991 [August 11, 2013]. ISBN 978-0-226-64424-0. 
• Pacyga, Dominic A. To live amongst others: Poles and their neighbors in industrial Chicago, 1865–1930. Journal of American Ethnic History (Immigration & Ethnic History Society). Fall 1996, 16 (1): 55–73. ISSN 0278-5927. JSTOR 27502138. 
• Pacyga, Dominic A. Poles. Barkan, Elliott Robert (编). A nation of peoples: A sourcebook on America's multicultural heritage. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. 1999: 428–45. ISBN 9780313299612. 
• Pacyga, Dominic A. Poles. Grossman, James R.; et al (编). Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago, IL: Chicago Historical Society. 2005 [2024-01-07]. ISBN 9780226310152. （原始内容存档于2018-02-10）. 
• Pienkos, Donald E. PNA: a centennial history of the Polish National Alliance of the United States of North America. East European monographs 168. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs. 1984. ISBN 9780880330602. 
• Pliska, Stanley R. The 'Polish-American Army' 1917–1921. The Polish Review (Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences of America). Summer 1965, 10 (3): 46–59. JSTOR 25776612. 
• Plocheck, Robert. Polish Texans. texasalmanac.com. Texas State Historical Association. n.d. （原始内容存档于February 28, 2011）. 
• Polzin, Theresita. Social and economic conditions. The Polish Americans: whence and whither. Pulaski, WI: Franciscan Publishers. 1973. OCLC 1187880.  Figures from Wachtel, Karol. Polonja w Ameryce: dzieje i dorobek. Philadelphia: published by the author. 1944: 63. OCLC 558446328 （波兰语）. 
• Povich, Elaine S. Poles get $1 billion financial jump start. chicagotribune.com (Chicago Tribune). January 3, 1990. （原始内容存档于December 12, 2013）. 
• Praszałowicz, Dorota. The cultural changes of Polish-American Parochial Schools in Milwaukee, 1866–1988. Journal of American Ethnic History (Immigration & Ethnic History Society). Summer 1994, 13 (4): 23–45. ISSN 0278-5927. JSTOR 27501897. 
• Pula, James S. Polish Americans: an ethnic community. Twayne's immigrant heritage of America series. New York: Twayne Publishers. 1995. ISBN 978-0-8057-8427-5. 
• Pula, James S. Image, status, mobility and integration in American society: the Polish experience. Journal of American Ethnic History (Immigration & Ethnic History Society). Fall 1996, 16 (1): 74–95. ISSN 0278-5927. JSTOR 27502139. 
• Pula, James S. Fact vs. fiction: what do we really know about the Polish presence in early Jamestown?. The Polish Review. 2008, 53 (4): 477–493. ISSN 0032-2970. JSTOR 25779776. 
• Pula, James S.; Biskupski, Mieczysław B. (编). The Polish American Encyclopedia. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 2011. ISBN 978-0-7864-3308-7. 
• Quintyn, Conrad B. The existence or non-existence of race?: forensic anthropology, population admixture, and the future of racial classification in the U.S.. Youngstown, NY: Teneo Press. 2010. ISBN 9781934844991. 
• Radzialowski, Thaddeus C. Ethnic conflict and the Polish Americans of Detroit, 1921–42. Renkiewicz, Frank (编). The Polish presence in Canada and America. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario. 1982 [March 16, 2016]. ISBN 9780919045132. （原始内容存档于2016-03-03） –通过Multicultural Canada. 
• Radzilowski, John. Fecund newcomers or dying ethnics? Demographic approaches to the history of Polish and Italian immigrants and their children in the United States, 1880 to 1980. Journal of American Ethnic History (Immigration & Ethnic History Society). Fall 2007, 27 (1): 60–74 [2024-01-07]. ISSN 0278-5927. JSTOR 40543255. S2CID 254495521. doi:10.2307/40543255. （原始内容存档于2024-01-07）. 
• Richmond, Yale. From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans. Yarmouth, Me: Intercultural Press. 1995. ISBN 978-1-877864-30-8. OCLC 32051226. 
• Ridge, Martin. The New Bilingualism: An American Dilemma : Proceedings of a Conference. Transaction Publishers. 1981: 208– [March 31, 2013]. ISBN 978-1-4128-3797-2. 
• Roberts, Peter. The new immigration: a study of the industrial and social life of southeastern Europeans in America. New York: Macmillan. 1912. OCLC 613193266. hdl:2027/mdp.39015000626955. 
• Rosypal, Kathryn G. The first Polish Americans find hope in Texas. info-poland.buffalo.edu. The Story of Panna Maria, TX. Buffalo, NY: The Polish Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo. c. 2000 [February 21, 2016]. （原始内容存档于August 18, 2006）. 
• Sadler, Charles.  'Pro-Soviet Polish-Americans': Oskar Lange and Russia's friends in the Polonia, 1941–1945. The Polish Review (Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences of America). 1977, 22 (4): 25–39. ISSN 0032-2970. JSTOR 25777517. 
• Seidner, Stanley S. In quest of a cultural identity: an inquiry for the Polish community. ERIC: ED167674. 1976 [2024-01-07]. OCLC 425945425. （原始内容存档于2009-09-07）. 
•  Seroczynski, Felix T. Poles in the United States. Herbermann, Charles (编). 天主教百科全書 12. Robert Appleton Company. 1911. 
• Simons, Thomas W. American policy and the Polish road to 1989. The Polish Review (Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences of America). 1999, 44 (4): 401–405. JSTOR 25779150. 
• Schwartzman, Paul. Marion Barry commits new gaffe while apologizing to Asians. The Washington Post. May 24, 2012. （原始内容存档于January 23, 2013）. 
• Sercombe, Charles. Paczki Day parody draws outrage from Polish community. Hamtramck Review (Hamtramck MI: John Ulaj). February 22, 2013: 3 [September 21, 2013]. （原始内容存档于March 2, 2013）. 
• Stacey, Judith. In the Name of the Family: Rethinking Family Values in the Postmodern Age. Beacon Press. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8070-0433-3. 
• Stec, Casimir. The national orientation of the Poles in the United States, 1608–1930 (PDF) (M.A.论文). Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University. May 1946. OCLC 6613352. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于December 3, 2013）. 
• Storch, Randi. The United Packinghouse Workers of America, Civil Rights, and the Communist Party in Chicago. Cherny, Robert W.; Issel, William; Taylor, Kieran Walsh (编). American labor and the Cold War: grassroots politics and postwar political culture. Rutgers University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8135-3403-9. 
• Swastek, Joseph. What is a Polish American?. Polish American Studies (Polish American Historical Association). 1944, 1: 34–44. JSTOR 20147024. 
• Tarapacki, Thomas. Poles. Kirsch, George B.; Harris, Othello; Nolte, Claire Elaine (编). Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2000. ISBN 978-0-313-29911-7. 
• Thomas, William Isaac; Znaniecki, Florian Witold. The Polish Peasant in Europe and America: monograph of an immigrant group. Core historical literature of agriculture 1–5. Boston: Richard G. Badger, the Gorham Press. 1918–1920. OCLC 62106081. 
• Tilly, Charles. Durable inequality. The Irene Flecknoe Ross lecture series. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-520-92422-2. 
• Torpey, John. Passports and the development of immigration controls in the North Atlantic world during the long nineteenth century. Fahrmeir, Andreas; Faron, Olivier; Weil, Patrick (编). Migration control in the North Atlantic world: the evolution of state practices in Europe and the United States from the French Revolution to the inter-war period. New York: Berghahn Books. 2005. ISBN 9781571818126. 
• Tyson, Daniel. Miner wins in discrimination suit against Rhino Energy. register-herald.com (Beckley, WV: Register-Herald Reporter). January 26, 2016 [2024-01-07]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-07）. 
• Ubriaco, Robert D. Bread and butter politics or foreign policy concerns? Class versus ethnicity in the midwestern Polish American community during the 1946 congressional elections. Polish American Studies (Polish American Historical Association). Autumn 1994, 51 (2): 5–32. ISSN 0032-2806. JSTOR 20148441. 
• Urbanski, Adam. Immigration restriction and the Polish American press: the response of Wiadomosci Codzienne, 1921–1924. Polish American Studies (Polish American Historical Association). Autumn 1971, 28 (2): 5–21. JSTOR 20147837. 
• Urbanski, Michael T. Money, war, and recruiting an army: the activities of Connecticut Polonia during World War I. Connecticut History (New Haven, CT: Association for the Study of Connecticut History). Spring 2007, 46 (1): 45–69. ISSN 0884-7177. JSTOR 44369758. S2CID 254485891. doi:10.2307/44369758. 
• Utley, Henry M.; Cutcheon, Byron M.; Burton, Clarence M. Michigan as a province, territory and state the twenty-sixth member of the federal Union 4. New York: Publishing society of Michigan. 1906. OCLC 577096496. 
• Volokh, Eugene. Freedom of Speech and Workplace Harassment. UCLA Law Review (Los Angeles). August 1992, 39: 1791. ISSN 0041-5650. （原始内容存档于December 17, 2005） –通过Excerpted with substantial modifications by the author. 
• Vorse, Mary H. Rubber—the first C.I.O. strike. Labor's new millions. New York: Modern Age Books. 1938 [March 16, 2016]. OCLC 262829416. 
• Vought, Hans P. The bully pulpit and the melting pot: American presidents and the immigrant, 1897-1933. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. 2004. ISBN 9780865548879. 
• Waldo, Arthur L. Searching for Polish Jamestown sources. Polish American Studies (Polish American Historical Association). July–December 1960, 17 (3/4): 105–114. ISSN 0032-2806. JSTOR 20147552. 
• Walaszek, Adam. Images of neighbors and Poles in early 20th-century Polish American school books. Polish American Studies (Polish American Historical Association). Spring 2007, 64 (1): 5–25. JSTOR 20148760. S2CID 254444322. doi:10.2307/20148760. 
• Warne, Frank. The Slav invasion and the Mine Workers: a study in immigration. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott. 1904 [August 15, 2013]. OCLC 669934364. 
• Waugh, John. The class of 1846: from West Point to Appomattox: Stonewall Jackson, George McClellan, and their brothers. Random House Digital, Inc. 2010 [April 12, 2013]. ISBN 978-0-307-77539-9. 
• Wierzbicki, Felix P. California as it is, and as it may be, or, A guide to the gold region. San Francisco: Washington Bartlett. 1849. ISBN 9781508426417. OCLC 367897293. 
• Wierzewski, Wojciech A. The Turbulent Life of Anthony Sadowski. poles.org. Cooper City, FL: Poles in America Foundation. October 21, 2006. （原始内容存档于March 14, 2007）.  Translated from Wierzewski, Wojciech A. [s.n.]. Gazeta Polska "Extra" supplement (Warsaw, PL: Niezależne Wydawnictwo Polskie). October 8, 2006: 40–41. ISSN 1230-4581 （波兰语）. 
• Winter, Nevin O. The land and the people. Poland of to-day and yesterday: a review of its history, past and present, and of the causes which resulted in its partition, together with a survey of its social, political, and economic conditions to-day. Boston: L. C. Page. 1913 [March 16, 2016]. OCLC 297270814. 
• Woofter, Thomas J. Races and ethnic groups in American life. Recent social trends in the United States. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1933 [March 16, 2016]. ISBN 9780598527592. OCLC 558148789. 
• Wytrwal, Joseph A. Poles in American History and Tradition. Detroit: Endurance Press. 1969. OCLC 29523. 
• Wytrwal, Joseph. Polish-Black encounters: A history of Polish and Black relations in America since 1619. Detroit, MI: Endurance Press. 1982. OCLC 8367062. 
• Zubrzycki, J. Emigration from Poland in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Population Studies (Population Investigation Committee). March 1953, 6 (3): 248–272. ISSN 0032-4728. JSTOR 2172378. doi:10.2307/2172378. 
• Zych, Adam. The living situation of elderly Americans of Polish descent in Chicago. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej Edukacji TWP. 2005. ISBN 978-83-89518-15-6. OCLC 169045072. 
• ABC sued over its Polish jokes. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, PA). Associated Press. July 3, 1973: 3 [March 9, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-07）. 
• The team behind Archie Bunker & Co.. Time magazine. September 25, 1972 (June 25, 2001). （原始内容存档于March 12, 2004）. 
• Court urged to act on TV Polish jokes. The Milwaukee Journal (Milwaukee, WI). Los Angeles Times Service. October 28, 1975: 3. 
• Detained at Castle Garden. Brooklyn Daily Eagle (Brooklyn, NY). March 5, 1889: 6 [2024-01-07]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-13）. 
• Halka and Jan of Warsaw. Honolulu Star Bulletin 23 (7433) 2:30 (Honolulu, Oahu, Territory of Hawaii). February 8, 1916: 2 [2024-01-07]. ISSN 2326-1137. （原始内容存档于2016-06-24）. 
• Not like the real ghetto. The San Francisco call. July 26, 1896: 23 [March 16, 2016]. OCLC 183863481. （原始内容存档于2016-03-25） –通过Chronicling America. 
• Paderewski estate ruined - letter to pianist also tells of starvation of Polish people (PDF). New York Times. October 17, 1915 [2024-01-07]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-10-24）. 
• Poles repudiate Czolgosz (PDF). The New York Times. September 9, 1901. 
• Priest's life threatened because he asked prayers for recovery of President M'Kinley. Bridgeport Herald 9 (571) (Bridgeport, CN). September 15, 1901: 10 [2024-01-07]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-07）. 
• Reagan's Polish-Italian joke draws request for apology. Eugene Register-Guard (Eugene, OR). Associated Press. February 18, 1980: 6A [2024-01-07]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-07）. 
• Poles in the United States. Literary Digest (New York: Funk and Wagnalls). March 8, 1919, 60 (10). OCLC 557561660. hdl:2027/mdp.39015028103904. 
• Pope's election spurs pride. Reading Eagle (Reading, PA). Associated Press. June 10, 1979: 17 [2024-01-07]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-07）. 
• Suit on ethnic jokes in a movie dismissed. New York Times. Associated Press. September 28, 1983 (September 29, 1983) [March 9, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-07）. 
• What Woodrow Wilson thinks of our Italian, Polish, and Hungarian Citizens. The Day (New London, CT). October 31, 1912 [2024-01-07]. ISSN 0744-0499. （原始内容存档于2024-01-07）. 
•  本条目引用的公有领域材料来自Library of Congress的网站或文档。
•  本条目引用的公有领域材料来自Equal Employment Opportunity Commission的网站或文档。
•  本条目引用的公有领域材料来自Equal Employment Opportunity Commission的网站或文档。
•  本条目引用的公有领域材料来自United States Census Bureau的网站或文档。
•  本条目引用的公有领域材料来自United States Census Bureau的网站或文档。
•  本条目引用的公有领域材料来自United States Census Bureau的网站或文档。
•  本条目引用的公有领域材料来自United States Census Bureau的网站或文档。
•  本条目引用的公有领域材料来自United States Department of Agriculture的网站或文档。
•  本条目引用的公有领域材料来自U.S. Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information的网站或文档。
• 本文含有此来源中属于公有领域的内容：United States. Bureau of Labor. Report on conditions of employment in the iron and steel industry in the United States. 62nd Congress, 1st session, Senate document 110, v. 3. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1913: 205. OCLC 656630439. 
• 本文含有此来源中属于公有领域的内容：United States. Bureau of Immigration. Reports of the Immigration Commission. 61st Congress, 3rd session, Senate document 747, v. 12. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1911. 
• 本文含有此来源中属于公有领域的内容：United States. Bureau of Immigration. Annual report of the Commissioner General of Immigration to the Secretary of Labor. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1914. OCLC 786311461. 
• Official Army register of the volunteer force of the United States Army for the years 1861, '62, '63, '64, '65 2. Washington, DC: United States Department of War. Adjutant-General's Office. 1865: 510–511, 698. OCLC 557918608. hdl:2027/nyp.33433008011623. 
• Partial chronology of the rebellion. Washington, DC: United States Department of War. Adjutant-General's Office. 1866: 62. OCLC 654568612.