波拿巴爪龙
波拿巴爪龙（属名：Bonapartenykus，意为“何塞·波拿巴的爪”）是阿尔瓦雷斯龙科的兽脚类恐龙单型属，化石发现于阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚内格罗河省艾伦组上部层位，地质年代为晚白垩世坎潘期-马斯特里赫特期。模式种兼唯一种最晚波拿巴爪龙（Bonapartenykus ultimus）于2012年由费德里科·阿格诺林（Federico L. Agnolin）、海梅·鲍威尔、费尔南多·诺瓦斯、马丁·昆德拉特（Martin Kundrát）所命名、发表，已知标本是一具关节几乎相连但部分保存的骨骼，同时还发现了密切相关的两颗不完整的蛋和数簇蛋壳碎片归属于蛋化石属阿里亚加达蛋属。[1]估计波拿巴爪龙身长2.5公尺及体重72公斤，使之成为阿尔瓦雷斯科体型最大的物种。[2]
波拿巴爪龙属 化石时期：晚白垩世,
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科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 蜥形纲 Sauropsida |
| 总目： | 恐龙总目 Dinosauria |
| 目： | 蜥臀目 Saurischia |
| 亚目： | 兽脚亚目 Theropoda |
| 科： | †阿尔瓦雷斯龙科 Alvarezsauridae |
| 亚科： | †巴塔哥尼亚爪龙亚科 Patagonykinae |
| 属： | †波拿巴爪龙属 Bonapartenykus Agnolin et al., 2012 |
| 模式种 | |
| †最晚波拿巴爪龙 Bonapartenykus ultimus Agnolin et al., 2012
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发现
在阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚西北部艾伦层上部河相砂岩约30平方公尺的面积采集到一具带卵的兽脚类部分骨骼。[3]当地还产出鸭嘴龙科、甲龙类、数种泰坦巨龙类、数种阿贝力龙科、未定坚尾龙类、一种不完整的大型亚佛瑞兹龙科、一种大型半鸟科。[1]萨尔加多等人于2009年以某种未定亚佛瑞兹龙科之名首度提及该标本。[3]后来2012年安诺林、波维尔、诺瓦斯、昆札特重新将标本进行描述并命名。正模标本MPCA, 1290由中部背椎、成对肩胛鸟喙骨、左胫骨和股骨、与肠骨的耻脚连接的耻骨、左肠骨前段；还有两颗部分保存的蛋，与正模相距不到20公分；另外两件属于同一个体的标本MGPIFD-GR 166和MGPIFD-GR 184：左肩胛骨、左鸟喙骨、右耻骨远端、四个颈椎、单一个尾椎；以上标本皆归入波拿巴爪龙。[1]
波拿巴爪龙的蛋因足够独特而被指定为新的副分类名阿里亚加杜蛋属，并建立自己的科阿里亚加杜蛋科，以发现地的土地拥有者命名。[1]
属名致敬阿根廷古生物学家何塞·波拿巴，加上拉丁语nykus（爪子）象征亚佛瑞兹龙科常用的字尾。种名ultimus在拉丁语意为“最新的”，代表是南美洲地质年代最年轻的亚佛瑞兹龙科物种之一。[1]
描述
体型与鉴定特征
2012年的论文估计波拿巴爪龙身长2.5公尺。[1]2016年莫里纳裴瑞兹和拉腊曼迪的书估计身长2.9公尺及体重34公斤，成为亚佛瑞兹龙科中体型最大的物种。[2]
2012年的论文列出波拿巴爪龙的鉴定特征：中部背椎后关节突之上有突然终止的棘后关节突椎板存在；鸟喙骨下侧朝中央大幅倾斜并有大量细密的凹陷，如同西峡爪龙；像角爪龙一样的肩胛鸟喙骨融合；肩胛骨后缘有道相当宽阔的凹槽；肠骨和耻骨融合。[1]
分类
安诺林等人（2012）把波拿巴爪龙置于亚佛瑞兹龙科的单系群演化支巴塔哥爪龙亚科，与巴塔哥爪龙互成姊妹群，如下所示：[1]
| 亚佛瑞兹龙科 Alvarezsauridae |
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马科维奇、阿佩斯特古雅、贾内齐尼（2012）则将波拿巴爪龙与纤腿龙、巴塔哥爪龙列于并系群，其中还包括更进阶物种如临河爪龙、单爪龙、游光爪龙。[4]但徐星等人（2018）将巴塔哥爪龙列于亚佛瑞兹龙类的基础物种，与巴塔哥爪龙、阿基里斯龙互成姊妹群，弗勒等人（2020）亦得出相同结果，如下所示：[5][6]
| 亚佛瑞兹龙类 Alvarezsauroidea |
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而秦等人（2019）发现波拿巴爪龙同时作为巴塔哥爪龙与亚佛瑞兹龙科的姊妹群。[7]阿维叶诺夫和洛帕汀（2022a）、阿维叶诺夫和洛帕汀（2022b）则把波拿巴爪龙置于亚佛瑞兹龙科之外、仅与巴塔哥爪龙互为姊妹群。[8][9]
古生态学
发现波拿巴爪龙的艾伦层由一系列环境组成，包含暂时性湖泊、风成河积、河口潮间带的沿海地带。2015年阿玛斯和桑切斯探讨了艾伦层海岸与风成环境的交互作用，发现属于混合潮间带系统，部分地区呈现出受风暴大幅度影响。[10]
艾伦层的动物相由蜥脚类的波拿巨龙[11]、深潭龙[12]、泛美龙[13]、洛卡龙[14]、风神龙未定种[15]；鸭嘴龙科的波拿巴龙[16]、赤原龙[17]、拉潘帕龙[18]、南似鸭龙[19]；某种未定结节龙科[20]；阿贝力龙科迷雾龙[21]、基尔梅龙[22]；大型半鸟科南方盗龙[23]；鸟翼类拉马奎鸟[24]、阈鸟[25]；神龙翼龙科的风巨神翼龙[26]；喙头目拉马奎蜥[27]；蛇颈龙类卡瓦游龙[28]。
参考来源
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Federico L. Agnolin; Jaime E. Powell; Fernando E. Novas & Martin Kundrát. New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs. Cretaceous Research. June 2012, 35: 33–56. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.014.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Molina-Pérez & Larramendi. Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos. Spain: Larousse. 2016: 269.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Salgado, Leonardo; A. Coria, Rodolfo; B. Arcucci, Andrea; M. Chiappe, Luis. Farke , 编. Restos de Alvarezsauridae (Theropoda, Coelurosauria) en la Formación Alien (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano), en Salitral Ojo de Agua, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. Andean Geology. 2009, 36 (1): 67–80. doi:10.4067/S0718-71062009000100006.
- ^ Makovicky, P. J.; Apesteguía, S. N.; Gianechini, F. A. A New Coelurosaurian Theropod from the La Buitrera Fossil Locality of Río Negro, Argentina. Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences. 2012, 5: 90–98. S2CID 129758444. doi:10.3158/2158-5520-5.1.90.
- ^ Xu, Xing; Choiniere, Jonah; Tan, Qingwei; Benson, Roger B.J; Clark, James; Sullivan, Corwin; Zhao, Qi; Han, Fenglu; Ma, Qingyu; He, Yiming; Wang, Shuo; Xing, Hai; Tan, Lin. Two Early Cretaceous Fossils Document Transitional Stages in Alvarezsaurian Dinosaur Evolution. Current Biology. 2018, 28: 2853–2860.e3. PMID 30146153. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.057
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- ^ Denver W. Fowler; John P. Wilson; Elizabeth A. Freedman Fowler; Christopher R. Noto; Daniel Anduza; John R. Horner. Trierarchuncus prairiensis gen. et sp. nov., the last alvarezsaurid: Hell Creek Formation (uppermost Maastrichtian), Montana. Cretaceous Research. 2020, 116: Article 104560. S2CID 225630913. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104560.
- ^ Qin, Zichuan; Clark, James; Choiniere, Jonah; Xu, Xing. A new alvarezsaurian theropod from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of western China. Scientific Reports. 2019, 9 (1): 11727. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48148-7.
- ^ Alexander O. Averianov; Alexey V. Lopatin. A new alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Cretaceous Research. 19 February 2022, 134 [19 February 2022]. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105168. （原始内容存档于2022-02-19）.
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- ^ Armas, Paul; Lidia Sánchez, María. Hybrid coastal edges in the Neuquén Basin (Allen Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Argentina). Andean Geology. 2015, 42 (1): 97–113. doi:10.5027/andgeoV42n1-a06.
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