火蚁属
火蚁属（Solenopsis）又称为火家蚁属，隶属于蚁科家蚁亚科，大约有380个物种[1]，其中最知名的为入侵红火蚁（Solenopsis invicta），其腹部末端带有螫针，动物被螫伤后毒素会进入体内，严重的情况下会因全身性过敏而休克，甚至导致死亡。“火蚁”（Fire Ants）俗名是在描述被其螫刺后如火灼伤般疼痛感，有些情况会出现如灼伤般的水泡，值得注意的是，Solenopsis是一个组成复杂的属，其生态行为也多样，因此，“火蚁”（Fire Ants）的俗名适用于那些较具侵略性的物种。
火蚁属
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科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
| 纲： | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
| 目： | 膜翅目 Hymenoptera |
| 科： | 蚁科 Formicidae |
| 亚科： | 家蚁亚科 Myrmicinae |
| 族： | 火蚁族 Solenopsidini |
| 属： | 火蚁属 Solenopsis Westwood, 1840 |
| 模式种 | |
| Solenopsis mandibularis (Solenopsis geminata 的同物异名) Westwood, 1840
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| 多样性 | |
| 380 种 | |
火蚁属是一个组成复杂、庞大且难以分类的属，大部分的物种体型微小、具单形性(monomorphic)、且生活在土壤之下，这些体型微小的物种有些被称作为“贼蚁”(thief ants)，贼蚁生活在其他体型较大的白蚁或蚂蚁的巢中。有些新世界的物种体型较大且为多形性(polymorphic)，他们的群落大小可以达到相当大的规模，且工蚁为极具侵略性的表层掠食者，这些物种也就是俗称的“火蚁”(fire ants)[2]。
种系发生
| 火蚁属 |
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本属包括以下物种：
- Solenopsis abdita Thompson, 1989
- Solenopsis africana Santschi, 1914
- Solenopsis albidula Emery, 1906
- Solenopsis alecto Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis alena Özdikmen, 2010
- Solenopsis altinodis Forel, 1912
- Solenopsis amblychila Wheeler, 1915
- Solenopsis andina Santschi, 1923
- Solenopsis angulata Emery, 1894
- Solenopsis atavinus Perfilieva et al., 2017
- Solenopsis atlantis Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis aurea Wheeler, 1906
- Solenopsis avia (Bernard, 1978)
- Solenopsis azteca Forel, 1893
- Solenopsis bacchettae Brullo, C.Brullo, Tavilla, Siracusa & Cambria, 2022[3]
- Solenopsis bakri Sharaf
- Solenopsis balachowskyi Bernard, 1959
- Solenopsis banyulensis Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis basalis Forel, 1896
- Solenopsis belisarius Forel, 1907
- Solenopsis blanda (Foerster, 1891)
- Solenopsis brasiliana Santschi, 1925
- Solenopsis brazoensis (Buckley, 1867)
- Solenopsis brevicornis Emery, 1888
- Solenopsis brevipes Emery, 1906
- Solenopsis bruchi
- Solenopsis bruchiella Emery, 1922
- Solenopsis bruesi Creighton, 1930
- Solenopsis bucki Kempf, 1973
- Solenopsis canariensis Forel, 1893
- Solenopsis capensis Mayr, 1866
- Solenopsis carolinensis Forel, 1901
- Solenopsis castor Forel, 1893
- Solenopsis celata (Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985)
- Solenopsis clarki Crawley, 1922
- Solenopsis cleptomana
- Solenopsis clytemnestra Emery, 1896
- Solenopsis conjurata Wheeler, 1925
- Solenopsis cooperi Donisthorpe, 1947
- Solenopsis corticalis Forel, 1881
- Solenopsis crivellarii Menozzi, 1936
- Solenopsis daguerrei (Santschi, 1930)
- Solenopsis dalli (Kusnezov, 1969)
- Solenopsis debilior Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis decipiens Emery, 1906
- Solenopsis delta (Bernard, 1978)
- Solenopsis deserticola Ruzsky, 1905
- Solenopsis duboscqui Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis dysderces Snelling, 1975
- Solenopsis egregia (Kusnezov, 1953)
- Solenopsis electra Forel, 1914
- Solenopsis elhawagryi Sharaf & Aldawood, 2012
- Solenopsis emeryi Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis exigua
- Solenopsis eximia (Kusnezov, 1953)
- Solenopsis fairchildi Wheeler, 1926
- Solenopsis foersteri Theobald, 1937
- Solenopsis franki Forel, 1908
- Solenopsis froggatti Forel, 1913
- Solenopsis fugax (Latreille, 1798)
- Solenopsis fusciventris Clark, 1934
- Solenopsis gallardoi Santschi, 1925
- Solenopsis gallica Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis gayi (Spinola, 1851)
- Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius, 1804)
- Solenopsis georgica Menozzi, 1942
- Solenopsis germaini Emery, 1895
- Solenopsis globularia (Smith, 1858)
- Solenopsis gnomula Emery, 1915
- Solenopsis goeldii Forel, 1912
- Solenopsis granivora Kusnezov, 1957
- Solenopsis hammari Mayr, 1903
- Solenopsis hayemi Forel, 1908
- Solenopsis helena Emery, 1895
- Solenopsis hostilis (Borgmeier, 1959)
- Solenopsis iheringi Forel, 1908
- Solenopsis ilinei Santschi, 1936
- Solenopsis indagatrix Wheeler, 1928
- Solenopsis indet
- Solenopsis insculpta Clark, 1938
- Solenopsis insinuans Santschi, 1933
- Solenopsis insularis (Bernard, 1978)
- Solenopsis interrupta Santschi, 1916
- 入侵红火蚁 Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972
- Solenopsis jacoti Wheeler, 1923
- Solenopsis jalalabadica Pisarski, 1970
- Solenopsis japonica Wheeler, 1928
- Solenopsis joergenseni Santschi, 1919
- Solenopsis juliae (Arakelian, 1991)
- Solenopsis kabylica Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis knuti Pisarski, 1967
- Solenopsis kochi Finzi Stat.
- Solenopsis krockowi Wheeler, 1908
- Solenopsis laboriosa
- Solenopsis laeviceps Mayr, 1870
- Solenopsis laevithorax Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis latastei Emery, 1895
- Solenopsis latro Forel, 1894
- Solenopsis leptanilloides Santschi, 1925
- Solenopsis longiceps Forel, 1907
- Solenopsis loretana Santschi, 1936
- Solenopsis lotophaga Santschi, 1911
- Solenopsis lou Forel, 1902
- Solenopsis lusitanica Emery, 1915
- Solenopsis macdonaghi Santschi, 1916
- Solenopsis macrops Santschi, 1917
- Solenopsis madara Roger, 1863
- Solenopsis major Theobald, 1937
- Solenopsis maligna Santschi, 1910
- Solenopsis mameti Donisthorpe, 1946
- Solenopsis marxi Forel, 1915
- Solenopsis maxillosa Emery, 1900
- Solenopsis maxima (Foerster, 1891)
- Solenopsis medioclara Santschi
- Solenopsis megera Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis megergates Trager, 1991
- Solenopsis metanotalis Emery, 1896
- Solenopsis metatarsalis (Kusnezov, 1957)
- Solenopsis minutissima Emery, 1906
- Solenopsis moesta (Foerster, 1891)
- Solenopsis molesta (Say, 1836)
- Solenopsis monticola Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis mozabensis (Bernard, 1977)
- Solenopsis nicaeensis Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis nickersoni Thompson, 1982
- Solenopsis nigella Emery, 1888
- Solenopsis nitens Bingham, 1903
- Solenopsis nitidum (Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994)
- Solenopsis normandi Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis novemmaculata Wheeler, 1925
- Solenopsis occipitalis Santschi, 1911
- Solenopsis oculata Santschi, 1925
- Solenopsis omana Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
- Solenopsis oraniensis Forel, 1894
- Solenopsis orbula Emery, 1875
- Solenopsis orbuloides Andre, 1890
- Solenopsis overbecki Viehmeyer, 1916
- Solenopsis pachycera (Forel, 1915)
- Solenopsis papuana Emery, 1900
- Solenopsis parabiotica Weber, 1943
- Solenopsis parva Mayr, 1868
- Solenopsis patagonica Emery, 1906
- Solenopsis pawaensis Mann, 1919
- Solenopsis pergandei Forel, 1901
- Solenopsis photophila Santschi, 1923
- Solenopsis picea Emery, 1896
- Solenopsis picquarti Forel, 1899
- Solenopsis picta Emery, 1895
- Solenopsis pilosa (Bernard, 1978)
- Solenopsis pilosula Wheeler, 1908
- Solenopsis pollux Forel, 1893
- Solenopsis privata (Foerster, 1891)
- Solenopsis provincialis Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis punctaticeps Mayr, 1865
- Solenopsis puncticeps MacKay & Vinson, 1989
- Solenopsis pusillignis Trager, 1991
- Solenopsis pygmaea Forel, 1901
- Solenopsis pylades Forel
- Solenopsis pythia Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis quinquecuspis Forel, 1913
- Solenopsis reichenspergeri Santschi, 1923
- Solenopsis richardi Bernard, 1950
- 入侵黑火蚁 Solenopsis richteri Forel, 1909
- Solenopsis robusta Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis rugiceps Mayr, 1870
- Solenopsis rugosa Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis sabeana (Buckley, 1867)
- Solenopsis saevissima (Smith, 1855)
- Solenopsis salina Wheeler, 1908
- Solenopsis santschii Forel, 1905
- Solenopsis saudiensis Sharaf & Aldawood, 2011
- Solenopsis scelesta Forel
- Solenopsis schilleri Santschi, 1923
- Solenopsis schmalzi Forel, 1901
- Solenopsis scipio Santschi, 1911
- Solenopsis sea (Kusnezov, 1953)
- Solenopsis seychellensis Forel, 1909
- Solenopsis shiptoni Santschi
- Solenopsis silvestrii Emery, 1906
- Solenopsis similis
- Solenopsis solenopsidis (Kusnezov, 1953)
- Solenopsis soochowensis Wheeler, 1921
- Solenopsis spei Forel, 1912
- Solenopsis steigeri Santschi
- Solenopsis stricta Emery, 1896
- Solenopsis substituta Santschi, 1925
- Solenopsis subterranea MacKay & Vinson, 1989
- Solenopsis subtilis Emery, 1896
- Solenopsis succinea Emery, 1890
- Solenopsis sulfurea (Roger, 1862)
- Solenopsis superba (Foerster, 1891)
- Solenopsis targuia Bernard, 1953
- Solenopsis tennesseensis Smith, 1951
- Solenopsis tenuis Mayr, 1878
- Solenopsis terricola Menozzi, 1931
- Solenopsis tertialis Ettershank, 1966
- Solenopsis tetracantha Emery, 1906
- Solenopsis texana Emery, 1895
- Solenopsis tipuna Forel, 1912
- Solenopsis tonsa Thompson, 1989
- Solenopsis transversalis
- Solenopsis tridens Forel, 1911
- Solenopsis trihasta Santschi, 1923
- Solenopsis truncorum Forel, 1901
- Solenopsis ugandensis Santschi, 1933
- Solenopsis valida (Foerster, 1891)
- Solenopsis vinsoni Pacheco & Mackay, 2013
- Solenopsis virulens (Smith, 1858)
- Solenopsis vorax Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis wasmannii Emery, 1894
- Solenopsis weiseri Forel, 1914
- Solenopsis westwoodi Forel, 1894
- Solenopsis weyrauchi Trager, 1991
- Solenopsis wolfi Emery, 1915
- Solenopsis xyloni McCook, 1879
- Solenopsis zambesiae Arnold, 1926
- Solenopsis zeteki Wheeler, 1942
参考文献
- ^ AntWeb. Genus: Solenopsis Westwood, 1840. [2019-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-06）.
- ^ Wheeler, G. C. and J. Wheeler. The ants of Nevada. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 1986.
- ^ Salvatore Brullo, Cristian Brullo, Gianmarco Tavilla, Giuseppe Siracusa and Salvatore Cambria. 2022. Solenopsis bacchettae (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae), A New Species from Sardinia. Nordic Journal of Botany. DOI: 10.1111/njb.03773