球极平面投影
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球极平面投影(stereographic projection),在几何学里,是一种将圆球面投影至平面的映射。在构造地质学里,称为球面立体投影或球面投影。除了投影点以外,这投影在整个球面都有定义。在这定义域里,这映射具有光滑性、双射性和共形性。共形性的意思就是角度维持不变。但是,这映射不会维持距离不变,也不会维持面积不变;它不会维持图案的距离与面积。
直觉而言,球极平面投影是一种以平面来看球面的方法。使用这方法,在图案品质方面,必须接受一些不可避免的妥协。因为圆球与平面出现于许多数学方面的问题和应用,球极平面投影也非常地常见。在各个领域,例如,复分析,地图学,地质学,与摄影,球极平面投影都有广泛的用处。实际上,球极平面投影经常是用电脑绘成,或者用手工直接绘在一种特别的绘图纸,称为乌尔夫网图。
公式
球面球座标投影到平面极座标:
反解:
特别地,当 R = 0 时,φ = π
图片
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这三维透视图可以显示出球极平面投影图的制作方法。
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瑞士沃伦山球极平面投影图,由120张照片合成。
参考文献
- 汤姆·麦克·阿波斯托. Mathematical Analysis 2. Addison-Wesley. 1974.
- Brown, James and Churchill, Ruel. Complex variables and applications. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1989. ISBN 0070109052.
- German, Daniel; Burchill, L.; Duret-Lutz, A.; Pérez-Duarte, S.; Pérez-Duarte, E.; Sommers, J. Flattening the Viewable Sphere. "Proceedings of Computational Aesthetics 2007". Banff: Eurographics: 23–28. June 2007.
- Do Carmo, Manfredo P. Differential geometry of curves and surfaces. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1976. ISBN 0-13-212589-7.
- Elkins, James. Did Leonardo Develop a Theory of Curvilinear Perspective?: Together with Some Remarks on the 'Angle' and 'Distance' Axioms. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes (The Warburg Institute). 1988, 51: 190–196 [2010-10-16]. doi:10.2307/751275. (原始内容存档于2021-05-20).
- Oprea, John. Differential geometry and applications. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 2003. ISBN 0130652466.
- Pedoe, Dan. Geometry. Dover. 1988. ISBN 0-486-65812-0.
- Shafarevich, Igor. Basic Algebraic Geometry I. Springer. 1995. ISBN 0387548122.
- Snyder, John P. Map Projections − A Working Manual, Professional Paper 1395. US Geological Survey. 1987.
- Snyder, John P. An Album of Map Projections, Professional Paper 1453. US Geological Survey. 1989.
- Snyder, John P. Flattening the Earth. University of Chicago. 1993. ISBN 0-226-76746-9.
- Spivak, Michael. A comprehensive introduction to differential geometry, Volume IV. Houston, Texas: Publish or Perish. 1999. ISBN 091409873X.
外部链接
- 埃里克·韦斯坦因. Stereographic projection. MathWorld.
- http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/StereographicProjection.html (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Table of examples and properties of all common projections (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), from radicalcartography.net
- three dimensional Java Applet (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Stereographic Projection and Inversion (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) from cut-the-knot
- Examples of miniplanet panoramas, majority in UK
- Examples of miniplanet panoramas, majority in Czech Republic (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Examples of miniplanet panoramas, majority in Poland (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- DoITPoMS Teaching and Learning Package- "The Stereographic Projection" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)