球盖菇属

球盖菇属
	铜绿球盖菇
科学分类
界：	真菌界 Fungi
门：	担子菌门 Basidiomycota
纲：	伞菌纲 Agaricomycetes
目：	伞菌目 Agaricales
科：	球盖菇科 Strophariaceae
属：	球盖菇属 Stropharia; (Fr.) Quél. (1872)
模式种
	铜绿球盖菇; (Curtis) Quél. (1872)
异名
	Geophila Quél. (1886)

球盖菇属（学名：Stropharia、英语：roundheads）是一群中至大型的伞菌，其特征为蕈柄上有一圈膜质的蕈环。本属中较有名的物种包括大球盖菇与铜绿色的铜绿球盖菇。球盖菇属的物种通常不被认为是可食的，且许多种类的可食性受到质疑，但大球盖菇在刚长成时是可食的，且野外露营者主要食用的菇种之一^[2]。

分类

球盖菇属的学名Stropharia衍生自希腊文的στροφος（音strophos），意为“带状物”。属内物种的变异很大，且被认为是个复系群，其中核心支序的共同特征为形成假根的菌丝体中含有许多棘红细胞，在Stropharia acanthocystis中，棘红细胞亦存在于子实层。分子证据分析证明球盖菇属核心支序的关系与黏滑菇属与鳞伞属较近，而与属内其他物种（如S. semiglobata）相差较远。2013年，Scott Redhead将球盖菇属中不含棘红细胞，且囊状体（英语：cystidia）呈星状（astrocystidia）者独立为Protostropharia属，而Protostropharia semiglobata即为模式种^[3]。

德国真菌学家洛夫·辛格将球盖菇属的物种进一步区分为数个组，有些缺乏棘红细胞的节已被提升为独立的属^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]，如2008年提升的Leratiomyces属是来自球盖菇属的Stropholoma节，前述的Protostropharia属是来自Stercophila节。

属于迷幻蘑菇的古巴裸盖菇（英语：Psilocybe cubensis）曾被分类在球盖菇属，之后被辛格改分至裸盖菇属（英语：Psilocybe），此变动与后续DNA序列分析一致^[4]^[6]^[7]。古巴裸盖菇的中大型大小、发育完整的蕈环与深色的孢子和球盖菇外表相像，但应属于裸盖菇属，而和球盖菇属没有密切关系^[8]。

描述

球盖菇属的特征为蕈柄上明显的蕈环，核心物种菌丝体中含有棘红细胞。孢子印成熟时多呈中等至深的紫棕色，边缘为白色，也有部分物种孢子印为铁锈般的棕色。

下属物种

本属包括以下物种：^[9]

Stropharia acanthocystis Cortez & R.M. Silveira
铜绿球盖菇 Stropharia aeruginosa (Curtis) Quél.
- 铜绿球盖菇黄褐变型 Stropharia aeruginosa f. brunneola Hongo
Stropharia agaricoides P.S. Silva, Cortez & R.M. Silveira
Stropharia agrocyboides (Raithelh.) Raithelh.
Stropharia albivelata (Murrill) Norvell & Redhead
亮白球盖菇 Stropharia albonitens (Fr.) Quél.
Stropharia albosulphurea (Pat.) Zhu L. Yang
Stropharia ambigua (Peck) Zeller
Stropharia andina Singer
Stropharia apiahyna (Speg.) Cortez & R.M. Silveira
Stropharia araucariae Cortez & R.M. Silveira
二色球盖菇 Stropharia bicolor Pegler
Stropharia caerulea Kreisel
Stropharia campestris Peck
黄囊球盖菇 Stropharia chrysocystidia T.X. Meng & T. Bau
Stropharia cifuentesii Bandala, Montoya & Jarvio
Stropharia coccinea A. Pearson ex Pegler
齿环球盖菇 Stropharia coronilla (Bull.) Quél.
Stropharia coronilliformis Murrill
Stropharia cyanea Tuom.
Stropharia elegans Murrill
Stropharia eximia Benedix
Stropharia farlowiana Raithelh.
Stropharia flocculosipes Singer
Stropharia floridana Murrill
盐碱球盖菇 Stropharia halophila Pacioni
哈德球盖菇 Stropharia hardii
浅赭色球盖菇 Stropharia hornemannii (Fr.) S. Lundell & Nannf.
Stropharia imaiana Benedix
涂擦球盖菇 Stropharia inuncta (Fr.) Quél.
吉林球盖菇 Stropharia jilinensis T. Bau & E.J. Tian
Stropharia kauffmanii A.H. Sm.
Stropharia lasseri Dennis
假环柄球盖菇 Stropharia lepiotiformis (Cooke & Massee) Sacc.
Stropharia mammillata Sacc.
黑孢球盖菇 Stropharia melanosperma (Bull.) Gillet
Stropharia ochraceoviridis García Mon.
Stropharia palustris (Quél.) Sacc.
Stropharia pokhraensis Dhanch. & Bakhukh.
假蓝球盖菇 Stropharia pseudocyanea (Desm.) Morgan
Stropharia purpureoaurantiaca Raithelh.
Stropharia purpureoviolacea Raithelh.
Stropharia rubrobrunnea Senthil. & S.K. Singh
皱环球盖菇 Stropharia rugomarginata Zeller & Epling
大球盖菇 Stropharia rugosoannulata Farl. ex Murrill, 皱环球盖菇，酒红球盖菇
- 皱环球盖菇浅黄变型 Stropharia rugosoannulata f. lutea Hongo
Stropharia sanguineopurpurea (Rick) Raithelh.
半球球盖菇 Stropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Quél.
Stropharia semigloboides Murrill
干柄球盖菇 Stropharia siccipes
Stropharia squamulosa (Massee) Massee
Stropharia stuhlmannii Henn.
Stropharia subbadia Murrill
近鳞球盖菇 Stropharia subsquamulosa Mitchel & A.H. Sm.
Stropharia subuda Grgur.
Stropharia taediosa (Kalchbr.) D.A. Reid
Stropharia trinitensis (Dennis) Cortez
Stropharia troyana Murrill
Stropharia umbonasceus Morgan
Stropharia umbonatescens (Peck) Sacc.
杂色球盖菇 Stropharia variicolor Desjardin & Hemmes
Stropharia varzeae (Singer) Cortez
Stropharia venusta P.S. Silva, Cortez & R.M. Silveira
Stropharia viloriana (Dennis) Singer
Stropharia viridula (Schaeff.) Morgan
云南球盖菇 Stropharia yunnanensis W.F. Chiu^[10]

参考资料

^ Stropharia (Fr.) Quél. 1872. MycoBank.International Mycological Association. [2011-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2007-08-22）.
^ Paul Stamets, Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, pg. 334, Ten Speed Press, 3rd ed. (2000), ISBN 1-58008-175-4
^ Redhead SA. Nomenclatural novelties (PDF). Index Fungorum. 2013, 15: 1–2 [2013-11-11]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-09）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Catherine Aime M, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJ, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Greg Thorn R, Jacobsson S, Clémençon H, Miller OK. One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2002, 23 (3): 357–400 [2013-11-11]. PMID 12099793. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-20）.
^ Redhead SA. Nomenclatural novelties (PDF). Index Fungorum. 2013, 15: 1–2 [2013-11-11]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-09）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Walther G, Garnica S, Weiß M. The systematic relevance of conidiogenesis modes in the gilled Agaricales. Mycological research. 2005, 109 (5): 525–44. PMID 16018308. doi:10.1017/S0953756205002868.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R, Hibbett DS. Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview (PDF). Mycologia. 2006, 98 (6): 982–95. PMID 17486974. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-03）.
^ O. T. Oss, O. N. Oeric, Psilocybin: magic mushroom grower's guide: a handbook for psilocybin Enthusiasts （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Quick American Archives, 2nded. (1993), ISBN 0-932551-06-8
^ Stropharia (Fr.) W.Saunders & W.G.Sm., 1870. GBIF. [2022-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-05）.
^ da Silva PS, Cortez VG, da Silveira RMB. New species of Stropharia from Araucaria angustifolia forests of southern Brazil. Mycologia. 2009, 101 (4): 539–44. doi:10.3852/08-097.

[urlMycoBank_Stropharia-1] Stropharia (Fr.) Quél. 1872. MycoBank.International Mycological Association. [2011-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2007-08-22）.

[2] Paul Stamets, Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, pg. 334, Ten Speed Press, 3rd ed. (2000), ISBN 1-58008-175-4

[Redhead_2013a-3] Redhead SA. Nomenclatural novelties (PDF). Index Fungorum. 2013, 15: 1–2 [2013-11-11]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-09）.

[Moncalvo2002-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Catherine Aime M, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJ, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Greg Thorn R, Jacobsson S, Clémençon H, Miller OK. One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2002, 23 (3): 357–400 [2013-11-11]. PMID 12099793. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-20）.

[Redhead2013a-5] Redhead SA. Nomenclatural novelties (PDF). Index Fungorum. 2013, 15: 1–2 [2013-11-11]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-09）.

[Walther2005-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Walther G, Garnica S, Weiß M. The systematic relevance of conidiogenesis modes in the gilled Agaricales. Mycological research. 2005, 109 (5): 525–44. PMID 16018308. doi:10.1017/S0953756205002868.

[Matheny2006-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R, Hibbett DS. Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview (PDF). Mycologia. 2006, 98 (6): 982–95. PMID 17486974. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-03）.

[8] O. T. Oss, O. N. Oeric, Psilocybin: magic mushroom grower's guide: a handbook for psilocybin Enthusiasts （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Quick American Archives, 2nded. (1993), ISBN 0-932551-06-8

[9] Stropharia (Fr.) W.Saunders & W.G.Sm., 1870. GBIF. [2022-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-05）.

[daSilva2009-10] Silva PS, Cortez VG, da Silveira RMB. New species of Stropharia from Araucaria angustifolia forests of southern Brazil. Mycologia. 2009, 101 (4): 539–44. doi:10.3852/08-097.

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