生硬言语
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在精神病学中,生硬言语(stilted speech)或过度正式言语(pedantic speech)是一种不妥当的正式与严谨的沟通方式。[1][2] 这种形式既可以是不当的韵律,也可以是言语内容“浮夸、法律化、哲学或古雅” 。[3][4] 通常情况下,此种言语可以作为诊断精神分裂症或自闭症光谱(ASD)的依据,或者作为精神分裂症或分裂性人格障碍的常见症状的一种思维障碍。[5][6]
为了判断生硬言语,研究者先前已经观察到了以下特征:[7]
- 语言传递了过多信息
- 使用书面语,而非日常会话的词汇和语法
- 不必要的重复或修正
书面的和冗长单词内容,通常是生硬言语中最容易识别的特征,这种言语也表现出不规则的韵律,尤其是在谐振方面。[7] 通常,生硬言语的音量、音高、频率和鼻音与正常言语不同,使人们感觉迂腐或者造作。 例如,过大的声音或过高的音调可能会给听众造成过于有力的印象,而缓慢或带鼻音的讲话会给人屈尊俯就的印象。[8]
这些在自闭症患者中常见的症状,部分解释了为何生硬言语用于诊断自闭症。[8][7]不当的语调,语义漂移,简洁和执着,这些都是在与自闭症谱系的青少年交谈时常见的缺陷。[9] 通常,自闭症儿童中发现的生硬言语也会被特别地刻板化或重复练习。
精神分裂症患者也会经历生硬言语。 这种症状既是由于其无法接触更常用的词汇,也是由于其难以理解语用学——即语言与上下文之间的关系。[10] 然而,生硬言语相较其他精神病症状不太常见。[11] 这种认知障碍的因素也表现为自恋型人格疾患的症状[12]
参考文献
- ^ McKenna P.J., Oh T.M. (2012.) Schizophrenic Speech: Making Sense of Bathroots and Ponds that Fall in Doorways (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00905-8
- ^ Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders. Volkmar, Fred R. New York, NY: Springer. 2013. ISBN 9781441916976. OCLC 822231140.
- ^ Rosenblau, G; Kliemann, D; Dziobek, I; Heekeren, HR. Emotional prosody processing in autism spectrum disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. February 2017, 12 (2): 224–39. PMC 5390729 . PMID 27531389. doi:10.1093/scan/nsw118.
- ^ Peter F. Liddle, Royal College of Psychiatrists Disordered mind and brain: the neural basis of mental symptoms, 301 pages RCPsych Publications, 2001 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Retrieved 2012-01-12 ISBN 1-901242-65-X
- ^ Victor Peralta, Manuel J. Cuesta, Jose de Leon Title:Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: A factor analytic study, Publication:Comprehensive Psychiatry Elsevier March–April 1992 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Elsevier Retrieved 2012-01-12
- ^ [1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.016 Retrieved 2012-01-12
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ghaziuddin, M.; Gerstein, L. Pedantic speaking style differentiates Asperger syndrome from high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. December 1996, 26 (6): 585–595. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 8986845. doi:10.1007/bf02172348.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Shriberg, L. D.; Paul, R.; McSweeny, J. L.; Klin, A. M.; Cohen, D. J.; Volkmar, F. R. Speech and prosody characteristics of adolescents and adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. October 2001, 44 (5): 1097–1115. Bibcode:10.1.1.385.7116 请检查
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值 (帮助). ISSN 1092-4388. PMID 11708530. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2001/087). - ^ de Villiers, Jessica; Fine, Jonathan; Ginsberg, Gary; Vaccarella, Liezanne; Szatmari, Peter. Brief report: a scale for rating conversational impairment in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. August 2007, 37 (7): 1375–1380. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 17082976. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0264-1.
- ^ Covington, Michael A.; He, Congzhou; Brown, Cati; Naçi, Lorina; McClain, Jonathan T.; Fjordbak, Bess Sirmon; Semple, James; Brown, John. Schizophrenia and the structure of language: the linguist's view. Schizophrenia Research. 2005-09-01, 77 (1): 85–98. Bibcode:10.1.1.532.2190 请检查
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值 (帮助). ISSN 0920-9964. PMID 16005388. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.016. - ^ Jeffrey A. Lieberman, T. Scott Stroup, Diana O. Perkins, American Psychiatric Publishing The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of schizophrenia - 435 pages American Psychiatric Pub, 2006 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Retrieved 2012-01-12 ISBN 1-58562-191-9
- ^ S. Akhtar and J. Anderson Thomson, "Overview :Narcissistic personality Disorder" American Journal of Psychiatry 139:1 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Retrieved 2012-01-12