莫森氏鱼属

莫森氏鱼属学名Mawsonia)为史前时代腔棘鱼中已灭绝的一个,为目前已知体型最大的腔棘鱼,体长可达5.3米(17.4英尺)[2]。它们生存于侏罗纪晚期至白垩纪中期(提通期森诺曼期,约1.52亿年至9,600万年前)的南美洲、北美洲东部及非洲的淡水与半咸水水域中。本属是由英国古生物学家亚瑟·史密斯·伍德沃德于1907年进行发表与命名[3]

莫森氏鱼属
莫森氏鱼未定种的颅骨化石
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 腔棘鱼纲 Coelacanthimorpha
目: 腔棘鱼目 Coelacanthiformes
科: 莫森氏鱼科 Mawsoniidae
属: 莫森氏鱼属 Mawsonia
Woodward, 1907
  • 巴西莫森氏鱼 M. brasiliensis Yabumoto, 2002
  • 巨型莫森氏鱼 M. gigas Woodward, 1907 (模式)
  • 拉氏莫森氏鱼 M. lavocati Tabaste, 1963
  • 小莫森氏鱼 M. minor Woodward, 1908
  • 利比斯莫森氏鱼 M. libyca Weiler, 1935
  • M. soba Brito, 2018
  • M. tegamensis Wenz, 1975
  • 乌班吉莫森氏鱼 M. ubangiensis Casier, 1961

描述

 
莫森氏鱼复原图
 
莫森氏鱼骨架

莫森氏鱼的体长可超过3.5米(11英尺),其中最大的样本估计体长可达5米(16英尺),与同属于莫森氏鱼科粗首鱼属英语Trachymetopon体型相当[4][5][2]。它们口内无明显的牙齿,仅具有约1至2 mm(0.039至0.079英寸)长的小齿[6]

分类学

莫森氏鱼最早是由英国古生物学家亚瑟·史密斯·伍德沃德于1907年发表与命名,所依据的是发现于巴西巴伊亚州岛屿组英语Ilhas Group地层年代属白垩纪早期的一具化石样本。 莫森氏鱼的化石发现于南美洲巴西巴伊亚组英语Bahia Group罗穆阿尔多组英语Romualdo Formation奥坎塔拉组英语Alcântara Formation布雷茹桑托组英语Brejo Santo Formation旧米桑组英语Missão Velha Formation乌拉圭塔夸伦博组英语Tacuarembó Formation[6]非洲阿尔及利亚突尼西亚陆间组英语Continental intercalaire、突尼西亚的艾因埃尔盖塔组英语Aïn el Guettar Formation摩洛哥卡玛卡玛群喀麦隆Babouri Figuil盆地英语Babouri Figuil Basin,地层年代横跨侏罗纪晚期至白垩纪晚期;美国德克萨斯州木藤组英语Woodbine Formation阿帕拉契古陆英语Appalachia_(landmass)[7][8]

莫森氏鱼属的模式种为巨型莫森氏鱼M. gigas),在这之后则陆续有数个种被命名,包括巴西莫森氏鱼(M. brasiliensis)、利比斯莫森氏鱼(M. libyca)、小莫森氏鱼(M. minor)、乌班吉莫森氏鱼(M. ubangiensis),但也有学者认为这些均为巨型莫森氏鱼的异名[5][9]。2014年雷欧·夫拉哥索针对莫森氏鱼的论文[10]认为巴西莫森氏鱼为有效名,并认为小莫森氏鱼应也属有效名。近年来的研究也多承认巴西莫森氏鱼为有效名[9][11][12][13]。而原先被认为属于莫森氏鱼属的拉氏莫森氏鱼,则被认为实际上应属于阿塞洛鱼属英语Axelrodichthys[13][14]

环境学

莫森氏鱼栖息于淡水与半咸水的水域中[15]。目前仍未确定它们的食性,但推测莫森氏鱼可能为食壳性英语durophagy,透过口中的小齿来咬碎一些具坚硬外壳的小型无脊椎动物[16];也有可能是透过吸食方式英语suction feeding直接吞下整个猎物[17]

参考文献

  1. ^ Sereno, P. C.; Dutheil, D. B.; Iarochene, M.; Larsson HCE; Lyon, G. H.; Magwene, P. M.; Sidor, C. A.; Varricchio, D. J.; Wilson, J. A. Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation. Science. 1996, 272 (5264): 986–91. Bibcode:1996Sci...272..986S. PMID 8662584. doi:10.1126/science.272.5264.986. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Cavin, Lionel; Piuz, André; Ferrante, Christophe; Guinot, Guillaume. Giant Mesozoic coelacanths (Osteichthyes, Actinistia) reveal high body size disparity decoupled from taxic diversity. Scientific Reports. 2021-06-03, 11 (1): 11812. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1111812C. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8175595 . PMID 34083600. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90962-5 (英语). 
  3. ^ Mawsonia页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) at Fossilworks.org
  4. ^ Dutel, Hugo; Pennetier, Elisabeth; Pennetier, Gérard. A giant marine coelacanth from the Jurassic of Normandy, France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2014-07-29, 34 (5): 1239–1242 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 130632357. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.838176. (原始内容存档于2021-08-19). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 de Carvalho, Marise S. S.; Maisey, John G. New occurrence of Mawsonia (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the Early Cretaceous of the Sanfranciscana Basin, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 2008, 295 (1): 109–144 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2008GSLSP.295..109D. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 73613846. doi:10.1144/sp295.8. (原始内容存档于2023-02-20). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Toriño, Pablo; Soto, Matías; Perea, Daniel; Salgado de Carvalho, Marise Sardenberg. New findings of the coelacanth Mawsonia Woodward (Actinistia, Latimerioidei) from the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous of Uruguay: Novel anatomical and taxonomic considerations and an emended diagnosis for the genus. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 1 April 2021, 107: 103054 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2021JSAES.10703054T. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 229397087. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103054. (原始内容存档于2021-12-18) (英语). 
  7. ^ Cavin L, Toriño P, Van Vranken N, Carter B, Polcyn MJ, Winkler D (2021) The first late cretaceous mawsoniid coelacanth (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from North America: Evidence of a lineage of extinct ‘living fossils’页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). PLoS ONE 16(11): e0259292. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259292页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  8. ^ Visiting instructor part of fossil fish team. [2023-02-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-24). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Cupello, Camila; Batista, Thatiany A.; Fragoso, Léo G.; Brito, Paulo M. Mawsoniid remains (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the lacustrine Missão Velha Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Araripe Basin, North-East Brazil. Cretaceous Research. 2016-10-01, 65: 10–16 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.04.009. (原始内容存档于2021-03-11) (英语). 
  10. ^ Fragoso, Léo. Revisão do Ramo Gondwânico da família Mawsoniidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia: Coelacanthiformes). Doctoral Dissertation, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. 2014 [2023-02-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-17). 
  11. ^ Batista, Thatiany Alencar; Bantim, Renan Alfredo Machado; Lima, Flaviana Jorge de; Santos Filho, Edilson Bezerra dos; Saraiva, Antônio Álamo Feitosa. New data on the coelacanth fish-fauna (Mawsoniidae) from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Araripe Basin, Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 2019-11-01, 95: 102280 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2019JSAES..9502280B. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 199106397. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102280. (原始内容存档于2022-06-05) (英语). 
  12. ^ Cavin, Lionel; Cupello, Camila; Yabumoto, Yoshitaka; Léo, Fragoso; Deersi, Uthumporn; Brito, Paul M. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of mawsoniid coelacanths (PDF). Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Series A. 2019, 17: 3–13 [2023-02-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-20). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Fragoso, Léo Galvão Crainer; Brito, Paulo; Yabumoto, Yoshitaka. Axelrodichthys araripensis Maisey, 1986 revisited. Historical Biology. 2019-11-26, 31 (10): 1350–1372 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 89795160. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1454443. (原始内容存档于2023-02-20). 
  14. ^ Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Varricchio, David J.; Martill, David M.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Unwin, David M.; Baidder, Lahssen; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Zouhri, Samir; Kaoukaya, Abdelhadi. Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco. ZooKeys. 2020-04-21, (928): 1–216 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 7188693 . PMID 32362741. doi:10.3897/zookeys.928.47517 . (原始内容存档于2022-03-24). 
  15. ^ Meunier, François J.; Cupello, Camila; Yabumoto, Yoshikata; Brito, Paulo M. The diet of the Early Cretaceous coelacanth †Axelrodichthys araripensis Maisey, 1986 (Actinistia: Mawsoniidae). 2018 [2023-02-20]. doi:10.26028/CYBIUM/2018-421-011. (原始内容存档于2021-05-18). 
  16. ^ Barbara S. Grandstaff, Joshua Smith, Matthew Lamanna, Allison Tumarkin-Deratzian, Joshua B Smith, Matthew Lamanna, Allison Tumarkin-Deratzian (2004) Cranial Kinesis and Diet in Mawsonia (Actinistia, Coelanthiformes)
  17. ^ Cavin, Lionel; Boudad, Larbi; Tong, Haiyan; Läng, Emilie; Tabouelle, Jérôme; Vullo, Romain. Taxonomic Composition and Trophic Structure of the Continental Bony Fish Assemblage from the Early Late Cretaceous of Southeastern Morocco. PLOS ONE. 2015-05-27, 10 (5): e0125786. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025786C. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4446216 . PMID 26018561. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125786  (英语). 

延伸阅读

  • Fishes of the World by Joseph S. Nelson
  • History of the Coelacanth Fishes by Peter Forey
  • Discovering Fossil Fishes by John Maisey and John G. Maisey
  • The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution by John A. Long
  • Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems by Paul Selden and John Nudds