詹姆斯主义
詹姆斯主义(英语:Jacobitism),又译詹姆斯派、詹姆斯党,是指支持斯图亚特王朝君主詹姆斯二世及其后代夺回英国王位的一个政治、军事团体,成员多为天主教徒[1][2]。
起源
1688年,英格兰发生光荣革命,詹姆斯二世被推翻,其女儿玛丽二世及其信奉新教的丈夫荷兰执政奥兰治的威廉被拥立为同朝国王。詹姆斯二世逃亡法国后,即致力于争取法国和西班牙支持其夺回英国王位。在爱尔兰和苏格兰(尤其是高地地区),詹姆斯党拥有广泛的支持,在英格兰和威尔士,也有少数人支持詹姆斯党,特别是在北部。许多詹姆斯党人认为英国议会废黜詹姆斯二世是不合法的,他们还希望詹姆斯复辟后可以帮助他们摆脱宗教上的受歧视地位。苏格兰当地的许多贵族面临着英格兰的压力,为维护传统的氏族制度,他们团结在詹姆斯党的旗帜下,进行了可歌可泣的斗争。
詹姆斯党的徽章是约克家族的白玫瑰,纪念日是6月10日——詹姆斯二世之子詹姆斯·弗朗西斯·爱德华·斯图亚特(老王位觊觎者)的生日。
家族
战斗
爱尔兰
1689年3月12日,詹姆斯二世在法国的支持下在效忠于他的爱尔兰登陆。自从1688年底开始,爱尔兰总督就已经开始率军围攻新教据点伦敦德里。爱尔兰议会也宣布英格兰议会对詹姆斯二世的废黜在爱尔兰境内无效。
但是,不久威廉的援军到达爱尔兰,8月,伦敦德里解围。不久之后,威廉的军队控制了大部分乌尔斯特地区。次年,威廉军队在博因河战役中突袭詹姆斯党军队成功。虽然詹姆斯党的军事力量并未受到大的伤害,惊慌失措的詹姆斯二世还是立即撤往法国,将其军队留在爱尔兰任其自生自灭。1691年10月,詹姆斯党军队被迫向威廉的军队投降,后得以全军撤往法国,被法军收编为其“爱尔兰旅”。
在此后的一个世纪中,詹姆斯党仍然在爱尔兰的政治生活中具有影响,但是再也没能组织起军事反抗活动。
苏格兰
邓迪起义
老王位觊觎者的行动
小王位觊觎者的行动
衰落
1745年的行动失败后,查尔斯·爱德华·斯图亚特仍然设法逃回法国。但是,随着英、法两国开始和谈,查尔斯在法国的存在便成了法国需要摆脱的包袱。查尔斯拒不服从法国要求其离境的命令,仍然在法国境内鼓吹对英国开战。1748年,查尔斯被法国政府逮捕后强行递解出境。
其后,查尔斯继续筹划在英格兰进行秘密活动,为此,他转而寻求普鲁士的协助。当普鲁士拒绝其要求后,英格兰的詹姆斯党人开始动摇。查尔斯的计划接连被英国政府破获,这使他本人开始心灰意懒。1754年,查尔斯在一次醉酒后威胁要说出潜藏在英格兰的詹姆斯党人以惩罚他们的“叛变”,此后,英格兰的詹姆斯党人彻底放弃了对其事业的资助。
1766年,詹姆斯·弗朗西斯·爱德华·斯图亚特去世,教皇拒绝承认查尔斯·爱德华·斯图亚特为正统的英国国王,于是詹姆斯党失去了最基本的支持。1788年,苏格兰天主教会最终承认汉诺威王朝国王为其君主,并为其祈祷。为了切断詹姆斯党最后的军事支持,英国政府颁布了一系列的法令,消灭了苏格兰高地的氏族制度。
1788年,查尔斯去世,其弟亨利·斯图亚特被拥立为“英国国王亨利九世”,当亨利于1807年去世后,詹姆斯党将继承权先后传给萨伏依国王、哈布斯堡-洛林王朝和巴伐利亚大公(均为查理一世幼女亨里埃塔·安妮的后代),但是没有人再坚持自己对英国王位的继承权。
参考文献
- ^ Jacobites and the Union. The Making of the Union. BBC. [18 August 2020]. (原始内容存档于27 June 2020).
- ^ The Jacobite Revolts: Chronology. Historic UK. [18 August 2020]. (原始内容存档于23 August 2020).
延伸阅读
- Barlett, Thomas. The Catholic Question in the Eighteenth Century. History Ireland. 1993, 1 (1).
- Barnes, Robert P. James VII's Forfeiture of the Scottish Throne. Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 1973, 5 (4). doi:10.2307/4048254.
- Chambers, Liam (author), Binasco, Matteo (ed). Rome and The Irish Mission at home in Irish Catholicism in the Atlantic World, 1622-1908. Palgrave Press. 2018. ISBN 978-3319959740.
- Charteris, Evan. A Short Account of the Affairs of Scotland. David Douglas, Edinburgh. 1907.
- Colley, Linda. In Defiance of Oligarchy: The Tory Party 1714-60 . Cambridge UP. 1985.
- Corp, Edward. The Stuarts in Italy, 1719-1766. Cambridge UP. 2011.
- Coward, Barry. The Stuart Age 1603–1714. Longman. 1980. ISBN 978-0582488335.
- Cruikshanks, Lauchlin Alexander. The Act of Union: Death or Reprieve for the Highlands?. Wesleyan University. 2008. OCLC 705142720.
- Doyle, Thomas. Jacobitism, Catholicism and the Irish Protestant Elite, 1700–1710. Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr. 1997, 12. JSTOR 30071383.
- Ferguson, William. Scotland's Relations with England: A Survey to 1707. The Saltire Society. 1994 [2019-12-21]. ISBN 978-0-85411-058-2. (原始内容存档于2020-11-15).
- Graham, Brian (ed.). In Search of Ireland: A Cultural Geography. Taylor and Francis. 2002. ISBN 9781134749188.
- Hayes, Richard. Ireland and Jacobitism. Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 1949, 38 (149).
- Hill, Christopher. The Century of Revolution, 1603-1714 2002. Psychology Press. 1937. ISBN 9780415267397.
- James, Francis Godwin. The Church of Ireland in the Early 18th Century. Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 1979, 48 (4) [2019-12-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-25).
- Hamilton, Henry. An economic history of Scotland in the Eighteenth century . Clarendon Press. 1963.
- Harris, Tim. Politics under the Later Stuarts: Party Conflict in a Divided Society, 1660–1715. Longman. 1993. ISBN 978-0582040823.
- Harris, Tim. Revolution; the Great Crisis of the British Monarchy 1685–1720. Penguin. 2007. ISBN 978-0141016528.
- Lenihan, Padraig. Consolidating Conquest: Ireland 1603-1727. Routledge. 2016. ISBN 978-1138140639.
- Lenman, Bruce. The Jacobite Risings in Britain 1689–1746. Methuen Publishing. 1980. ISBN 978-0413396501.
- Lord, Evelyn. The Stuart Secret Army: The Hidden History of the English Jacobites. Pearson. 2004. ISBN 978-0582772564.
- Ruvigny and Raineval, Marquis de (Melville Henry Massue) (comp.). The Jacobite Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Grants of Honour. Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1904.
- McCormick, Ted. Restoration Ireland, 1660–1688; in The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish History. OUP. 2014. ISBN 978-0198768210.
- McDonald, Alan. The Jacobean Kirk, 1567–1625: Sovereignty, Polity and Liturgy. Routledge. 1998. ISBN 978-1859283738.
- McCann, Jean E. The Organisation of the Jacobite Army. PHD thesis Edinburgh University. 1963 [2019-12-21]. OCLC 646764870. (原始内容存档于2018-11-16).
- McGrath, Charles Ivar. Securing the Protestant Interest: The Origins and Purpose of the Penal Laws of 1695. Irish Historical Studies. 1996, 30 (117). JSTOR 30008727.
- McLynn, Frank. Issues and Motives in the Jacobite Rising of 1745. The Eighteenth Century. 1982, 23 (2). JSTOR 41467263.
- Miller, John. James II; A study in kingship. Menthuen. 1978. ISBN 978-0413652904.
- Monod, Paul. Jacobitism and the English People, 1688-1788. Cambridge UP. 1993. ISBN 9780521447935.
- Moody; Martin; Byrne (eds.). A New History of Ireland: Volume III: Early Modern Ireland 1534-1691. OUP. 2009. ISBN 9780198202424.
- Morley, Vincent. The Continuity of Disaffection in Eighteenth-Century Ireland. Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr. 2007, 22.
- O'Ciardha, Eamonn. Ireland and the Jacobite Cause, 1685-1766: A Fatal Attachment . Four Courts Press. 2000. ISBN 978-1851825349.
- Parrish, David. Jacobitism and Anti-Jacobitism in the British Atlantic World, 1688–1727. Royal Historical Society. 2017. ISBN 978-0861933419.
- Parker, Geoffrey. Empire, War and Faith in Early Modern Europe 2003. Penguin. 2002. ISBN 978-0140297898.
- Pittock, Murray. Jacobitism. Palgrave Macmillan. 1998. ISBN 978-0333667989.
- Pittock, Murray. Inventing and Resisting Britain. Palgrave Macmillan. 1997.
- Pittock, Murray. The Myths of the Jacobite Clans. Edinburgh University Press. 1995.
- Plank, Geoffrey. Rebellion and Savagery: The Jacobite Rising of 1745 and the British Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0812238983.
- Mitchell, Albert. The Non-Jurors; 1688-1805. The Churchman. 1937, 51 (2).
- Overton, JH. The Nonjurors: Their Lives, Principles, and Writings 2018. Wentworth Press. 1902. ISBN 9780530237329.
- Riding, Jacqueline. Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion. Bloomsbury. 2016. ISBN 978-1408819128.
- Rogers, Nicholas. Crowds, Culture, and Politics in Georgian Britain. Oxford UP. 1998.
- Shinsuke, Satsuma. Britain and Colonial Maritime War in the Early Eighteenth Century. Boydell Press. 2013. ISBN 978-1843838623.
- Smith, Hannah. Georgian Monarchy: Politics and Culture, 1714–60. Cambridge University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0521828765.
- Somerset, Anne. Queen Anne; the Politics of Passion. HarperCollins. 2012. ISBN 978-0007203765.
- Stephen, Jeffrey. Scottish Nationalism and Stuart Unionism. Journal of British Studies. January 2010, 49 (1, Scottish Special).
- Strong, Rowan. Episcopalianism in Nineteenth-Century Scotland: Religious Responses to a Modernizing Society. Oxford University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0199249220.
- Szechi, Daniel. The Jacobites: Britain and Europe, 1688–1788 First. Manchester University Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0719037740.
- Szechi, Daniel; Sankey, Margaret. Elite Culture and the Decline of Scottish Jacobitism 1716–1745. Past & Present. November 2001, 173 (173): 90–128. JSTOR 3600841. doi:10.1093/past/173.1.90.
- Yates, Nigel. Eighteenth Century Britain: Religion and Politics 1714-1815. Routledge. 2014.