亞洲暴龍屬

亞洲暴龍屬; 化石時期：晚白堊世（馬斯特里赫特階），; ~66.7 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
	亞洲暴龍化石材料骨骼示意圖
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	蜥形綱 Sauropsida
總目：	恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目：	蜥臀目 Saurischia
亞目：	獸腳亞目 Theropoda
科：	†暴龍科 Tyrannosauridae
亞科：	†暴龍亞科 Tyrannosaurinae
屬：	†亞洲暴龍屬 Asiatyrannus; Zheng et al., 2024
模式種
	†徐氏亞洲暴龍; Asiatyrannus xui; Zheng et al., 2024

亞洲暴龍（學名：Asiatyrannus，意為「亞洲暴君」）是暴龍亞科獸腳類恐龍已滅絕的一個屬，來自中國晚白堊世南雄組（英語：Nanxiong Formation）。屬下包括單一物種徐氏亞洲暴龍（A. xui），所知於由顱骨及部分顱後骨骼組成的單件標本。亞洲暴龍的顯著之處在於吻部寬闊的顱骨及較小的體型，與同時期有着纖細吻部及更大體型的虔州龍形成對比。它代表了亞洲暴龍科最南端的記錄。^[2]

發現與命名

亞洲暴龍正模標本 ZMNH M30360發現於中國江西省贛州市南康區沙河縣附近的南雄組（英語：Nanxiong Formation）沉積物中。標本由關節連接的顱骨的大部分以及包括大部分左右腿及幾節尾椎在內的顱後骨骼脫節部分組成。^[2]

2024年，鄭文杰等人根據此化石遺骸描述了暴龍科新屬新種徐氏亞洲暴龍（Asiatyrannus xui）。屬名組合發現地所在的亞洲大陸及拉丁語後綴「-tyrannus」（意為「暴君」或「國王」）。種名致敬傑出的恐龍研究者徐星及其對中國古生物學研究的貢獻。^[2]

描述

亞洲暴龍復原圖

亞洲暴龍正模顱骨

亞洲暴龍是種中小型暴龍類。其近乎完整的顱骨長度測為47.5公分（18.7英寸），體長則估計為3.5—4公尺（11—13英尺）。相比之下，來自北美王子溪組的近親白熊龍的成年顱骨估計為60—70公分（24—28英寸）長。^[3]由於白熊龍體型貌似與阿爾伯塔龍相仿，故亞洲暴龍可能代表唯一一類擁有這種更小體型的暴龍亞科。^[4]亞洲暴龍正模標本長度約為同時期虔州龍的一半。然而，該標本可能並非屬於一具骨骼成熟的個體，因此其發育完全後可能長到更大。不過亞洲暴龍可能已度過生長速度最快的生命階段，而其它處於類似生長階段的暴龍亞科的體型則是其兩倍多。^[2]

分類

使用卡爾等人（2017年）系統發育數據集的修改版本，^[5]鄭文杰等人將亞洲暴龍恢復為暴龍科中暴龍亞科的衍生成員，且與北美白熊龍共同處於多分支（英語：polytomy）中。結果如以下分支圖所示：^[2]

暴龍科 Tyrannosauridae

	阿爾伯塔龍 Albertosaurus

	蛇發女怪龍 Gorgosaurus

暴龍亞科 Tyrannosaurinae

矮暴龍 Nanotyrannus

分支龍族（英語：Alioramini） Alioramini

	分支龍各物種 Alioramus spp.

	虔州龍 Qianzhousaurus

血王龍 Lythronax

怪獵龍 Teratophoneus

亞洲暴龍 Asiatyrannus

白熊龍 Nanuqsaurus

懼龍各物種 Daspletosaurus spp.

諸城暴龍 Zhuchengtyrannus

	特暴龍 Tarbosaurus

	暴龍 Tyrannosaurus

古生態學

亞洲暴龍發現於南雄組（英語：Nanxiong Formation），時間可追溯至晚白堊世馬斯特里赫特階末期。該地層的各層位中已有許多其它恐龍被描述，包括同為暴龍科的虔州龍。^[2]大型牙齒表明該生態系統中存在大型未命名暴龍科。^[6]其它獸腳類包括鐮刀龍科（南雄龍）^[7]及多種偷蛋龍科（斑嵴龍、冠盜龍、贛州龍、華南龍、江西龍、南康龍和通天龍）。^[8]^[9]多孔椎龍類蜥腳下目的贛南龍及江西巨龍亦來自該地層。^[10]該組的非恐龍動物群包括鱷目（江西鱷（英語：Jiangxisuchus））、^[11]蜥蜴（江西蜥（英語：Chianghsia）和天宇蜥（英語：Tianyusaurus））^[12]及龜鱉目（江西龜（英語：Jiangxichelys））。^[13]

蒙古耐梅蓋特組擁有相似的動物群，包括大型暴龍亞科特暴龍、分支龍族（英語：Alioramini）分支龍的兩個種及等較小型暴龍超科如小掠龍。^[14]

參見

暴龍類研究歷史（英語：Timeline of tyrannosaur research）
南雄組（英語：Nanxiong Formation）
2024年主龍類古生物學研究（英語：2024 in archosaur paleontology）

參考資料

^ Buck, B. J.; Hanson, A. D.; Hengst, R. A.; Shu-sheng, H. "Tertiary Dinosaurs" in the Nanxiong Basin, Southern China, Are Reworked from the Cretaceous. The Journal of Geology. 2004, 112 (1): 111–118. Bibcode:2004JG....112..111B. S2CID 12866840. doi:10.1086/379695.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Zheng, Wenjie; Jin, Xingsheng; Xie, Junfang; Du, Tianming. The first deep-snouted tyrannosaur from Upper Cretaceous Ganzhou City of southeastern China. Scientific Reports. 2024-07-25, 14 (1). ISSN 2045-2322. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66278-5 （英語）.
^ Fiorillo, A. R.; Tykoski, R. S. Dodson, Peter , 編. A Diminutive New Tyrannosaur from the Top of the World. PLoS ONE. 2014, 9 (3): e91287. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...991287F. PMC 3951350  . PMID 24621577. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091287  .
^ Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Brinkman, Donald; Brown, Caleb M.; Eberle, Jaelyn J. Nesting at extreme polar latitudes by non-avian dinosaurs. Current Biology. 2021-06-24, 31 (16): 3469–3478.e5. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 34171301. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.041  （English）. We note that other Prince Creek Formation tyrannosaurid material in the UAMES collection do not support the assertion that Nanuqsaurus is a diminutive, small-bodied tyrannosaur. Rather, adult-sized teeth and isolated postcranial elements suggest an adult body size more closely comparable to other North American tyrannosaurid taxa, such as Albertosaurus sarcophagus.
^ Carr, Thomas D.; Varricchio, David J.; Sedlmayr, Jayc C.; Roberts, Eric M.; Moore, Jason R. A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system. Scientific Reports. 2017, 7: 44942. Bibcode:2017NatSR...744942C. PMC 5372470  . PMID 28358353. doi:10.1038/srep44942.
^ Mo, J.-Y.; Xu, X. Large theropod teeth from the Upper Cretaceous of Jiangxi, southern China (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 2015, 53 (1): 63−72.
^ Dong, Z. Cretaceous dinosaur fossils in southern China [Cretaceous dinosaurs of the Huanan (south China)]. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology; Nanjing Institute of Paleontology (編). Mesozoic and Cenozoic Redbeds in Southern China (PDF). Beijing: Science Press. 1979: 342−350 （Chinese）.
^ Lü, J.; Chen, R.; Brusatte, S.L.; Zhu, Y.; Shen, C. A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species preserved in an unusual posture. Scientific Reports. 2016, 6: 35780. PMC 5103654  . PMID 27831542. doi:10.1038/srep35780.
^ Lü, J.; Li, G.; Kundrát, M.; Lee, Y.-N.; Sun, Z.; Kobayashi, Y.; Shen, C.; Teng, F.; Liu, H. High diversity of the Ganzhou Oviraptorid Fauna increased by a new cassowary-like crested species. Scientific Reports. 2017, 7 (6393): 6393. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.6393L. PMC 5532250  . PMID 28751667. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05016-6  .
^ Mo, Jin-You; Fu, Qiong-Yao; Yu, Yi-Lun; Xu, Xing. A New Titanosaurian Sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China. Historical Biology. 2023-09-21: 1–15. ISSN 0891-2963. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2259413  （英語）.
^ Li, C.; Wu, X. C.; Rufolo, S. J. A new crocodyloid (Eusuchia: Crocodylia) from the upper cretaceous of China. Cretaceous Research. 2019, 94: 25–39. S2CID 133661294. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.09.015.
^ Mo, J. Y.; Xu, X.; Evans, S. E. A large predatory lizard (Platynota, Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous of South China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2012, 10 (2): 333. Bibcode:2012JSPal..10..333M. S2CID 85682211. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.588254.
^ Tong, Haiyan; Mo, Jinyou. Jiangxichelys, a new nanhsiungchelyid turtle from the Late Cretaceous of Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China. Geological Magazine. 2010, 147 (6): 981–986 [14 January 2011]. Bibcode:2010GeoM..147..981T. S2CID 131484464. doi:10.1017/S0016756810000671. （原始內容存檔於11 July 2011）.
^ Słowiak, Justyna; Brusatte, Stephen L; Szczygielski, Tomasz. Reassessment of the enigmatic Late Cretaceous theropod dinosaur, Bagaraatan ostromi. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2024-02-16. ISSN 0024-4082. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad169 （英語）.

[NanxiongAges-1] Buck, B. J.; Hanson, A. D.; Hengst, R. A.; Shu-sheng, H. "Tertiary Dinosaurs" in the Nanxiong Basin, Southern China, Are Reworked from the Cretaceous. The Journal of Geology. 2004, 112 (1): 111–118. Bibcode:2004JG....112..111B. S2CID 12866840. doi:10.1086/379695.

[Asiatyrannus-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Zheng, Wenjie; Jin, Xingsheng; Xie, Junfang; Du, Tianming. The first deep-snouted tyrannosaur from Upper Cretaceous Ganzhou City of southeastern China. Scientific Reports. 2024-07-25, 14 (1). ISSN 2045-2322. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66278-5 （英語）.

[Nanuqsaurus14-3] Fiorillo, A. R.; Tykoski, R. S. Dodson, Peter , 編. A Diminutive New Tyrannosaur from the Top of the World. PLoS ONE. 2014, 9 (3): e91287. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...991287F. PMC 3951350  . PMID 24621577. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091287  .

[Druckenmiller2021-4] Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Brinkman, Donald; Brown, Caleb M.; Eberle, Jaelyn J. Nesting at extreme polar latitudes by non-avian dinosaurs. Current Biology. 2021-06-24, 31 (16): 3469–3478.e5. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 34171301. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.041  （English）. We note that other Prince Creek Formation tyrannosaurid material in the UAMES collection do not support the assertion that Nanuqsaurus is a diminutive, small-bodied tyrannosaur. Rather, adult-sized teeth and isolated postcranial elements suggest an adult body size more closely comparable to other North American tyrannosaurid taxa, such as Albertosaurus sarcophagus.

[D.horneri-5] Carr, Thomas D.; Varricchio, David J.; Sedlmayr, Jayc C.; Roberts, Eric M.; Moore, Jason R. A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system. Scientific Reports. 2017, 7: 44942. Bibcode:2017NatSR...744942C. PMC 5372470  . PMID 28358353. doi:10.1038/srep44942.

[Mo2015-6] Mo, J.-Y.; Xu, X. Large theropod teeth from the Upper Cretaceous of Jiangxi, southern China (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 2015, 53 (1): 63−72.

[Dong1979-7] Dong, Z. Cretaceous dinosaur fossils in southern China [Cretaceous dinosaurs of the Huanan (south China)]. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology; Nanjing Institute of Paleontology (編). Mesozoic and Cenozoic Redbeds in Southern China (PDF). Beijing: Science Press. 1979: 342−350 （Chinese）.

[Tongtianlong-8] Lü, J.; Chen, R.; Brusatte, S.L.; Zhu, Y.; Shen, C. A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species preserved in an unusual posture. Scientific Reports. 2016, 6: 35780. PMC 5103654  . PMID 27831542. doi:10.1038/srep35780.

[Corythoraptor-9] Lü, J.; Li, G.; Kundrát, M.; Lee, Y.-N.; Sun, Z.; Kobayashi, Y.; Shen, C.; Teng, F.; Liu, H. High diversity of the Ganzhou Oviraptorid Fauna increased by a new cassowary-like crested species. Scientific Reports. 2017, 7 (6393): 6393. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.6393L. PMC 5532250  . PMID 28751667. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05016-6  .

[Jiangxititan-10] Mo, Jin-You; Fu, Qiong-Yao; Yu, Yi-Lun; Xu, Xing. A New Titanosaurian Sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China. Historical Biology. 2023-09-21: 1–15. ISSN 0891-2963. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2259413  （英語）.

[Jiangxisuchus-11] Li, C.; Wu, X. C.; Rufolo, S. J. A new crocodyloid (Eusuchia: Crocodylia) from the upper cretaceous of China. Cretaceous Research. 2019, 94: 25–39. S2CID 133661294. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.09.015.

[Chianghsia-12] Mo, J. Y.; Xu, X.; Evans, S. E. A large predatory lizard (Platynota, Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous of South China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2012, 10 (2): 333. Bibcode:2012JSPal..10..333M. S2CID 85682211. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.588254.

[Jiangxichelys-13] Tong, Haiyan; Mo, Jinyou. Jiangxichelys, a new nanhsiungchelyid turtle from the Late Cretaceous of Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China. Geological Magazine. 2010, 147 (6): 981–986 [14 January 2011]. Bibcode:2010GeoM..147..981T. S2CID 131484464. doi:10.1017/S0016756810000671. （原始內容存檔於11 July 2011）.

[Bagaraatan24-14] Słowiak, Justyna; Brusatte, Stephen L; Szczygielski, Tomasz. Reassessment of the enigmatic Late Cretaceous theropod dinosaur, Bagaraatan ostromi. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2024-02-16. ISSN 0024-4082. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad169 （英語）.

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