新神秘主義
新神秘主義,也簡稱神秘主義(英語:new mysterianism),是指困難問題不能被人類解決的觀點。如何解釋感質(個人主觀的意識經驗),是有待解決的問題。心靈哲學的眾多流派中,神秘主義是其中一種回應。有些「神秘主義者」不妥協地認為永遠也不能解答困難問題;也有人僅僅認為意識只是暫時不能被現階段的人類理解,但隨着科學進步,仍然有機會理解困難問題。
名稱
歐文·弗拉納根在1991年著作《心靈的科學》(英語:Science of the Mind)中寫道,有些當代的思想家認為意識可能永遠也不能得到解釋。於是歐文·弗拉納根就稱他們為「新神秘主義者」,根據的是搖滾樂隊問號和神秘主義者之名。[1] 「但是新神秘主義是後現代的立場,想要組織關於心的科學主義發展。」[2]這一術語已經被一些哲學作者使用,指涉更廣闊的立場,即人類沒有智力在科學層面上解決(或理解)許多困難的問題,不單單僅是意識問題。[3]這一立場也被稱作是反建設的自然主義.
根據弗拉納根,「『舊的神秘主義者』是二元論者,認為意識不能被科學理解,是因為它根據非自然的原則運行,可以是可知的,也可以是不可知的。」顯然,「舊的神秘主義者」適用於戈特弗里德·萊布尼茨、塞繆爾·約翰遜、托馬斯·亨利·赫胥黎等人。例如,赫胥黎在The Elements of Physiology and Hygiene[4]和《論動物是機械的假設,及其歷史》(見下》中寫道:
The consciousness of brutes would appear to be related to the mechanism of their body simply as collateral product of its working, and to be completely without any power of modifying that working, as the steam-whistle which accompanies the work of a locomotive engine is without influence upon its machinery. Their volition, if they have any, is an emotion indicative of physical changes, not a cause of such changes... The soul stands to the body as the bell of a clock to the works, and consciousness answers to the sound which the bell gives out when it is struck... To the best of my judgment, the argumentation which applies to brutes holds good of men... We are conscious automata.[2]
— 托馬斯·亨利·赫胥黎, "On the Hypothesis that Animals are Automata, and its History", 1874
哲學
支持新神秘主義立場的哲學論證包括感質。
諾姆·喬姆斯基區分了問題(英語:problem)和謎(英語:mystery)兩個概念。他認為,所有有機體的認知能力都是受到生物的限制的,例如,老鼠永遠不會像人類一樣說話,因此,人類也有不能理解的問題。
批判
唯心主義者批判神秘主義者的觀點是不科學的,例如「我們可能永遠不會知道」。明顯的悖論是,意識是「外在」的,卻對於所有個體都是主觀的,這想要得到解決,除非審視主觀內在,也就是向內看的科學。[來源請求]
支持者
歷史上
- 卡爾·榮格,瑞士精神分析學家,"Man and His Symbols" (1964)
當代
反對者
參考資料
引用
- ^ Flanagan, Owen. TheScienceoftheMind. [[麻省理工學院出版社|]]. 1991: 313. ISBN 0-262-56056-9.
Question Mark and the Mysterians.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Flanagan, O.J. Consciousness Reconsidered. Bradford Books. MIT Press. 1992: 10,131 [2020-02-25]. ISBN 978-0-262-56077-1. LCCN lc92010057. (原始內容存檔於2020-10-27).
- ^ Mike Hockney. Free Will and Will to Power.[1]
- ^ The Elements of Physiology and Hygiene: A Text-book for Educational Institutions. D. Appleton, 1869, p. 178
- ^ William James "Is Life Worth Living" (1896) https://archive.org/stream/islifeworthlivin00jameuoft#page/n7/mode/2up
- ^ McGinn, Colin. Can We Solve the Mind-Body Problem?. Mind. 1989, 98 (391): 349–366. JSTOR 2254848.
- ^ Colin McGinn. All machine and no ghost?. [[新政治家|]]. 2012-02-20 [2012-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2019-07-29).
- ^ "A Mind at Play: An Interview with Martin Gardner" by Kendrick Frazier, Skeptical Inquirer Volume 22.2, March/April 1998
- ^ 存档副本. [2020-02-25]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-03).
- ^ Pinker, Steven. How the Mind Works. 2009-06-22. ISBN 9780393069730.
- ^ 存档副本. [2020-02-25]. (原始內容存檔於2020-02-20).
- ^ Of Beauty and Consolation, Ep. 9
- ^ "The Mystery of Consciousness II" (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), 19 October 2011.
- ^ Dennett, Daniel C. The Brain and Its Boundaries. Times Literary Supplement (London). 1991-05-10 [2018-02-02]. (原始內容存檔於2018-02-02). (Corrected by erratum notice, 24 May, pg 29.)
推薦閱讀
- McGinn, Colin (1991), The Problem of Consciousness
- Flanagan, Owen (1991), The Science of the Mind, 2ed MIT Press, Cambridge
- McGinn, Colin (1993), Problems in Philosophy: The Limits of Inquiry, Blackwell, ISBN 1-55786-475-6
- Horgan, John (1996), The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of the Scientific Age, Addison-Wesley; has a discussion of mysterianism (pp 177–180).
- Blackburn, Simon (1999), Think: A Compelling Introduction to Philosophy, chapter two
- Horgan, John (1999), The Undiscovered Mind, Phoenix, ISBN 0-7538-1098-0
- McGinn, Colin (1999), The Mysterious Flame