盤安

盤安（英文：Paan 來自梵語 parṇa 意思是「葉子」^[1]) 是一種結合蔞葉和檳榔的製備，該製備有時候也會加入菸草。 ^[2]^[3]

癌症風險

咀嚼盤安的健康風險：牙齦壞死、蛀牙和口腔癌

Health effects: Tobacco-filled paan induces profuse salivation that stains mouth area.

國際癌症研究機構和世界衛生組織都已確認此物質對人體致癌，增加約十倍的口腔癌風險。 ^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] ^[8]^[4]

參考文獻

^ Oxford Dictionary paan. [2017-12-02]. （原始內容存檔於2016-09-03）.
^ Mack, TM. The new pan-Asian paan problem. The Lancet. 2001, 357 (9269): 1638–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04860-1.
^ The World Health Organization IARC Expert Group. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 37, Tobacco Habits Other than Smoking; Betel-Quid and Areca-nut Chewing; and Some Related Nitrosamines, Lyon (PDF). IARCPress. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-03-18）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 IARC Working Group. Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some areca-nut-derived Nitrosamines (PDF). The World Health Organization. [2017-12-02]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-03-29）.
^ WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2008 [2017-12-02]. ISBN 978-92-4-159628-2. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-01-24）.
^ Warnakulasuriya, S.; Trivedy, C; Peters, TJ. Areca nut use: An independent risk factor for oral cancer. BMJ. 2002, 324 (7341): 799–800. PMC 1122751  . PMID 11934759. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7341.799.
^ Dave, Bhavana J.; Trivedi, Amit H.; Adhvatyu, Siddharth G. Role of areca nut consumption in the cause of oral cancers. A cytogenetic assessment. Cancer. 1992, 70 (5): 1017–23. PMID 1515978. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19920901)70:5<1017::AID-CNCR2820700502>3.0.CO;2-#.
^ Merchant, Anwar; Husain, Syed S. M.; Hosain, Mervyn; Fikree, Fariyal F.; Pitiphat, Waranuch; Siddiqui, Amna Rehana; Hayder, Syed J.; Haider, Syed M.; Ikram, Mubashir; Chuang, Sung-Kiang; Saeed, Shaikh A. Paan without tobacco: An independent risk factor for oral cancer. International Journal of Cancer. 2000, 86 (1): 128–31. PMID 10728606. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000401)86:1<128::AID-IJC20>3.0.CO;2-M.

[1] Oxford Dictionary paan. [2017-12-02]. （原始內容存檔於2016-09-03）.

[2] Mack, TM. The new pan-Asian paan problem. The Lancet. 2001, 357 (9269): 1638–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04860-1.

[WHO37-3] The World Health Organization IARC Expert Group. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 37, Tobacco Habits Other than Smoking; Betel-Quid and Areca-nut Chewing; and Some Related Nitrosamines, Lyon (PDF). IARCPress. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-03-18）.

[WHOCancer-4] 4.0 ^4.1 IARC Working Group. Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some areca-nut-derived Nitrosamines (PDF). The World Health Organization. [2017-12-02]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-03-29）.

[5] WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2008 [2017-12-02]. ISBN 978-92-4-159628-2. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-01-24）.

[6] Warnakulasuriya, S.; Trivedy, C; Peters, TJ. Areca nut use: An independent risk factor for oral cancer. BMJ. 2002, 324 (7341): 799–800. PMC 1122751  . PMID 11934759. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7341.799.

[7] Dave, Bhavana J.; Trivedi, Amit H.; Adhvatyu, Siddharth G. Role of areca nut consumption in the cause of oral cancers. A cytogenetic assessment. Cancer. 1992, 70 (5): 1017–23. PMID 1515978. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19920901)70:5<1017::AID-CNCR2820700502>3.0.CO;2-#.

[8] Merchant, Anwar; Husain, Syed S. M.; Hosain, Mervyn; Fikree, Fariyal F.; Pitiphat, Waranuch; Siddiqui, Amna Rehana; Hayder, Syed J.; Haider, Syed M.; Ikram, Mubashir; Chuang, Sung-Kiang; Saeed, Shaikh A. Paan without tobacco: An independent risk factor for oral cancer. International Journal of Cancer. 2000, 86 (1): 128–31. PMID 10728606. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000401)86:1<128::AID-IJC20>3.0.CO;2-M.

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