神經突
神經突(neurite,neuronal process)又稱胞突,是指從神經細胞細胞體產生的任何突起,既可以指軸突,也可以指樹突。當神經細胞處於發育中時這兩種突起實際很難分辨,此時便可用神經突來代指。[1]
神經突的發育
神經突的發育需要細胞內外的信號之間進行複雜的相互作用。在發育過程中,遍布於整個神經突的特殊受體會檢測周圍的空間是否適合生長。[2] 神經突會通過處理所有來自受體的信息來決定該朝哪個方向生長。[2]發展中的神經元會將所有的生長信號匯總在一起,並以此來決定神經元最終將會向哪個方向生長。[2] 在已知的細胞外生長信號中,netrin,一種中線化學引誘劑,以及semaphorin、ephrin和Collapsin response mediator protein family,都是神經突生長的抑制劑。[2][3][4]
早期的神經突通常充滿了微管束,其生長受到神經營養因子的刺激,如神經生長因子(NGF)。[5] Tau蛋白可以通過與微管結合來幫助穩定微管,保護其不受微管切斷蛋白的影響。[6]神經元的細胞骨架在微管穩定後仍保持動態。肌動蛋白絲在將成為軸突的神經突中仍保持其動態的特性,以此來推動微管束向外延伸軸突。[7] 然而,在所有其他的神經突中,肌動蛋白絲會被肌球蛋白穩定下來。[8] 這防止了多軸突的發育。
參考文獻
- ^ Flynn, Kevin C. The cytoskeleton and neurite initiation. Bioarchitecture. 2013-01-01, 3 (4): 86–109. ISSN 1949-0992. PMC 4201609 . PMID 24002528. doi:10.4161/bioa.26259.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Valtorta, F.; Leoni, C. Molecular mechanisms of neurite extension. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 1999-02-28, 354 (1381): 387–394. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1692490 . PMID 10212488. doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0391.
- ^ Niclou, Simone P.; Franssen, Elske H. P.; Ehlert, Erich M. E.; Taniguchi, Masahiko; Verhaagen, Joost. Meningeal cell-derived semaphorin 3A inhibits neurite outgrowth. Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 2003-12-01, 24 (4): 902–912. ISSN 1044-7431. PMID 14697657. S2CID 12637023. doi:10.1016/s1044-7431(03)00243-4.
- ^ Luo, Y.; Raible, D.; Raper, J. A. Collapsin: a protein in brain that induces the collapse and paralysis of neuronal growth cones. Cell. 1993-10-22, 75 (2): 217–227. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 8402908. S2CID 46120825. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)80064-l.
- ^ Bear, Mark F; Connors, Barry W.; Paradiso, Michael A., Neuroscience, Exploring the Brain (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Third Edition (February 1, 2006). ISBN 0-7817-6003-8
- ^ Qiang, Liang; Yu, Wenqian; Andreadis, Athena; Luo, Minhua; Baas, Peter W. Tau Protects Microtubules in the Axon from Severing by Katanin. The Journal of Neuroscience. 22 March 2006, 26 (12): 3120–3129. ISSN 0270-6474. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5392-05.2006.
- ^ Xiao, Yangui; Peng, Yinghui; Wan, Jun; Tang, Genyun; Chen, Yuewen; Tang, Jing; Ye, Wen-Cai; Ip, Nancy Y.; Shi, Lei. The Atypical Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Dock4 Regulates Neurite Differentiation through Modulation of Rac1 GTPase and Actin Dynamics. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2013-07-05, 288 (27): 20034–20045. ISSN 0021-9258. PMC 3707701 . PMID 23720743. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.458612 (英語).
- ^ Toriyama, Michinori; Kozawa, Satoshi; Sakumura, Yuichi; Inagaki, Naoyuki. Conversion of a signal into forces for axon outgrowth through Pak1-mediated shootin1 phosphorylation. Current Biology. 2013-03-18, 23 (6): 529–534. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 23453953. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.017 .