赤眼蜂屬

赤眼蜂屬
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	節肢動物門 Arthropoda
綱：	昆蟲綱 Insecta
目：	膜翅目 Hymenoptera
下目：	寄生蜂下目 Parasitica
總科：	小蜂總科 Chalcidoidea
科：	赤眼蜂科 Trichogrammatidae
屬：	赤眼蜂屬 Trichogramma
種
	超過230種，詳見內文。

赤眼蜂屬（學名： Trichogramma）是膜翅目細腰亞目寄生蜂下目之下的小蜂總科赤眼蜂科的成員之一，其物種皆為多食性（英語：polyphagous）的微小擬寄生物，寄生於其牠昆蟲的蟲卵中^[1]。赤眼蜂屬是赤眼蜂科約80個屬的其中一個，在全世界包括超過200個物種^[2]^[3]^[4]。成蟲大多小於1毫米，會產卵於宿主卵內，幼蟲取食卵黃、化蛹並引發宿主死亡。成蟲羽化後咬破寄主卵殼而出。

儘管現時在全世界有多種用於生物防治的物種，本屬物種仍然是研究得最詳盡的一類^[5]，有超過一千份相關的文獻與本屬物種相關，也是目前世上於生物防治中最常用的物種^[6]。

寄生性

雌性成蟲會通過化學和視覺信號來找到用來作為宿主的卵，比如卵大小和顏色。^[6]在她找到合適的卵後，其將會試圖通過她的產卵器和對卵殼的敲擊來判別這個卵是否之前已經被寄生過了。雌性赤眼蜂也會通過敲擊來判別目標被寄生卵的大小和質量以決定赤眼蜂在被寄生卵內的產卵數量。^[7]一個雌性赤眼蜂一天最多可以在十個被寄生卵上產卵。

辨識

本屬物種體型細小，構造上亦單一，使物種間的分辨頗困難^[8]^[9]^[10]。由於雌性相對來說體型較小，分類學家一般通過辨別雄性觸角和生殖器的方式來辨別不同物種。^[11]^[12]

Charles V. Riley在1871年於北美第一種對赤眼蜂屬下的物種進行描述。他將從總督蝶卵中爬出來的小蜂稱為Trichogramma minutum。^[3]在生物分類學中，首個採集的標本是十分重要的，因為其被用作繼續描述這個物種的基礎，但是它丟失了。Riley後來在1879年又描述了第二種叫做Trichogramma pretiosum的赤眼蜂，但是其樣本也丟了。為了更正這些錯誤，昆蟲學家返回了Riley原本找到這兩個物種的地方並收集了新的範本。現在這些範本被完好地存放在美國史密森尼學會。當前赤眼蜂屬的物種超過兩百種，但是在1960年的時候只有大概40種赤眼蜂被描述。^[13]

赤眼蜂屬物種體內的沃爾巴克氏體

赤眼蜂屬物種體內有沃爾巴克氏體（Wolbachia），是一種分佈廣泛的細菌，專門感染昆蟲的內臟，特別是生殖系統的器官^[14]。這些沃爾巴克氏體在感染了昆蟲後，會改變其宿主交配時的成功率^[14]。

部分物種

以下譯名參照龐飛雄及陳泰魯 (1974)使用的名稱^[8]^:441：

Trichogramma aomoriense
Trichogramma atopovirilia
澳洲赤眼蜂 Trichogramma australicum Giraulf：見於中國^[8]^:441。
Trichogramma brassicae（英語：Trichogramma brassicae）
Trichogramma brevicapillum
Trichogramma carverae
螟黃赤眼蜂 Trichogramma chilonis^[8]^:442
舟蛾赤眼蜂 Trichogramma closterae Pang & Chen 1974：見於中國^[8]^:441
Trichogramma deion
松毛蟲赤眼蜂 Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura：見於中國^[8]^:441。
食胚赤眼蜂 Trichogramma embryophagum (Hartig)^[8]^:441
暗黑赤眼蜂 Trichogramma euproctidis (Giraut)：見於中國^[8]^:441。
廣赤眼蜂 Trichogramma evanescens（英語：Trichogramma evanescens） Westwood, 1833：見於中國^[8]^:441。
Trichogramma exiguum
Trichogramma falx
暗褐赤眼蜂 Trichogramma fasciatum (Perkins)^[8]^:442
Trichogramma fuentesi
Trichogramma funiculatum
稻螟赤眼蜂 Trichogramma japonicum（英語：Trichogramma japonicum） Ashmead：見於中國^[8]^:441。
Trichogramma jezoensis^[8]^:442
Trichogramma koehleri Blanchard^[8]^:442
粘蟲赤眼蜂 Trichogramma leucaniae Pang & Chen, 1974^[8]^:441
Trichogramma luteum^[8]^:442
舌突赤眼蜂 Trichogramma lingulatum Pang & Chen, 1974^[15]^:441
毛利赤眼鋒 Trichogramma maori^[16]
微小赤眼鋒 Trichogramma minutum Riley^[8]^:442
Trichogramma nubilale
玉米螟赤眼蜂 Trichogramma ostriniae Pang & Chen, 1974
Trichogramma papilonis
Trichogramma platneri
Trichogramma pretiosum
微突赤眼蜂 Trichogramma raoi Nagaraja：見於中國^[8]^:441。
窄突赤眼蜂 Trichogramma retorridum (Giraulf)^[8]^:442
顯棒赤眼蜂 Trichogramma semblidis (Aur.)^[8]^:441
疏毛赤眼蜂 Trichogramma semifumatum (Perkins)^[8]^:442
鳳蝶赤眼蜂 Trichogramma sericini Pang & Chen 1974：見於中國^[8]^:441。
Trichogramma siddiqi
Trichogramma thalense
Trichogramma valentinei
Trichogramma vitripenne Walker^[8]^:442
Trichogramma yawarae

參考文獻

^ Flanders, S; Quednau, W. Taxonomy of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Trichogrammatidae). BioControl. 1960, 5: 285–294. doi:10.1007/bf02372951.
^ Consoli FL, Parra JRP, Zucchi RA (2010) 'Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on Trichogramma.' (Springer).
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Knutson A (2005) 'The Trichogramma Manual: A guide to the use of Trichogramma for Biological Control with Special Reference to Augmentative Releases for Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton.' (Texas Agricultural Extension Service).
^ Sumer, F; Tuncbilek, AS; Oztemiz, S; Pintureau, B; Rugman-Jones, P; Stouthamer, R. A molecular key to the common species of Trichogramma of the Mediterranean region. BioControl. 2009, 54: 617–624. doi:10.1007/s10526-009-9219-8.
^ Upadhyay RK, Mukerji KG, Chamola BP (2001) 'Biocontrol potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture: Insect Pests.' (Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers).
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Knutson A (2005) 'The Trichogramma Manual: A guide to the use of Trichogramma for Biological Control with Special Reference to Augmentative Releases for Control of bollworm and Budworm in Cotton.' (Texas Agricultural Extension Service).
^ Klomp, H; Teerink, B.J.; Wei, Chun Ma. Discrimination Between Parasitized and Unparasitized Hosts in the Egg Parasite Trichogramma embryophagum (Hym.=Trichogrammatidae)=a Matter of Learning and Forgetting. Netherlands Journal of Zoology (Koninklijke Brill NV). 1979, 30 (2): 254–27 [May 22, 2014]. ISSN 0028-2960. doi:10.1163/002829679X00412. （原始內容存檔於2014-11-02）.
^ ^8.00 ^8.01 ^8.02 ^8.03 ^8.04 ^8.05 ^8.06 ^8.07 ^8.08 ^8.09 ^8.10 ^8.11 ^8.12 ^8.13 ^8.14 ^8.15 ^8.16 ^8.17 ^8.18 ^8.19 ^8.20 ^8.21 龐飛雄; 陳泰魯. 中国的赤眼蜂属Trichogramma記述. 昆蟲學報. 1974-11, 17 (4): 441–454 [2018-06-18]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-19）（中文（簡體））.
^ Nagarkatti, S; Nagaraja, H. Biosystematics of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea species. Annual Review of Entomology. 1977, 22: 157–176. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.22.010177.001105.
^ Thomson, LJ; Rundle, BJ; Carew, ME; Hoffmann, AA. Identification and characterization of Trichogramma species from south-eastern Australia using the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) region of the ribosomal gene complex. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 2003, 106: 235–240. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2003.00029.x.
^ Nagarkatti, S; Nagaraja, H. Redescriptions of some known species of Trichogramma (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), showing the importance of the male genitalia as a diagnostic character. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 1971, 61: 13–31. doi:10.1017/s0007485300057412.
^ Polaszek, A; Rugman-Jones, P; Stouthamer, R; Hernandez-Suarez, E; Cabello, T; Pino Pérez, M. Molecular and morphological diagnoses of five species of Trichogramma: biological control agents of Chrysodeixis chalcites (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the Canary Islands. BioControl. 2012, 57: 21–35. doi:10.1007/s10526-011-9361-y.
^ 存档副本. [2018-06-18]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-16）.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 Grenier, Simon; et al. Successful horizontal transfer of Wolbachia symbionts between Trichogramma wasps. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 1998, 265: 1441–1445. PMC 1689218  . doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0455.
^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Pang & Chen, 1974的參考文獻提供內容
^ Description of three new Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) from New Zealand and their relationship to new world species. [2018-06-20]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-20）（英語）.

引用錯誤：在<references>標籤中name屬性為「Quednau 1960」的參考文獻沒有在文中使用

外部連結

維基物種上的相關資訊：赤眼蜂屬
Biocontrol-oriented Trichogramma Manual
Trichogramma Article
Trichogramma dropping by drones （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[Flanders1960-1] Flanders, S; Quednau, W. Taxonomy of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Trichogrammatidae). BioControl. 1960, 5: 285–294. doi:10.1007/bf02372951.

[consoli-2] Consoli FL, Parra JRP, Zucchi RA (2010) 'Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on Trichogramma.' (Springer).

[knutson-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Knutson A (2005) 'The Trichogramma Manual: A guide to the use of Trichogramma for Biological Control with Special Reference to Augmentative Releases for Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton.' (Texas Agricultural Extension Service).

[sumer-4] Sumer, F; Tuncbilek, AS; Oztemiz, S; Pintureau, B; Rugman-Jones, P; Stouthamer, R. A molecular key to the common species of Trichogramma of the Mediterranean region. BioControl. 2009, 54: 617–624. doi:10.1007/s10526-009-9219-8.

[upadhay-5] Upadhyay RK, Mukerji KG, Chamola BP (2001) 'Biocontrol potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture: Insect Pests.' (Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers).

[knuston-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Knutson A (2005) 'The Trichogramma Manual: A guide to the use of Trichogramma for Biological Control with Special Reference to Augmentative Releases for Control of bollworm and Budworm in Cotton.' (Texas Agricultural Extension Service).

[7] Klomp, H; Teerink, B.J.; Wei, Chun Ma. Discrimination Between Parasitized and Unparasitized Hosts in the Egg Parasite Trichogramma embryophagum (Hym.=Trichogrammatidae)=a Matter of Learning and Forgetting. Netherlands Journal of Zoology (Koninklijke Brill NV). 1979, 30 (2): 254–27 [May 22, 2014]. ISSN 0028-2960. doi:10.1163/002829679X00412. （原始內容存檔於2014-11-02）.

[Pang_&_Chen_1974-8] 8.00 ^8.01 ^8.02 ^8.03 ^8.04 ^8.05 ^8.06 ^8.07 ^8.08 ^8.09 ^8.10 ^8.11 ^8.12 ^8.13 ^8.14 ^8.15 ^8.16 ^8.17 ^8.18 ^8.19 ^8.20 ^8.21 龐飛雄; 陳泰魯. 中国的赤眼蜂属Trichogramma記述. 昆蟲學報. 1974-11, 17 (4): 441–454 [2018-06-18]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-19）（中文（簡體））.

[nag-9] Nagarkatti, S; Nagaraja, H. Biosystematics of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea species. Annual Review of Entomology. 1977, 22: 157–176. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.22.010177.001105.

[thomson-10] Thomson, LJ; Rundle, BJ; Carew, ME; Hoffmann, AA. Identification and characterization of Trichogramma species from south-eastern Australia using the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) region of the ribosomal gene complex. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 2003, 106: 235–240. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2003.00029.x.

[nagar-11] Nagarkatti, S; Nagaraja, H. Redescriptions of some known species of Trichogramma (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), showing the importance of the male genitalia as a diagnostic character. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 1971, 61: 13–31. doi:10.1017/s0007485300057412.

[polaszek-12] Polaszek, A; Rugman-Jones, P; Stouthamer, R; Hernandez-Suarez, E; Cabello, T; Pino Pérez, M. Molecular and morphological diagnoses of five species of Trichogramma: biological control agents of Chrysodeixis chalcites (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the Canary Islands. BioControl. 2012, 57: 21–35. doi:10.1007/s10526-011-9361-y.

[13] 存档副本. [2018-06-18]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-16）.

[Grenier-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Grenier, Simon; et al. Successful horizontal transfer of Wolbachia symbionts between Trichogramma wasps. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 1998, 265: 1441–1445. PMC 1689218  . doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0455.

[Pang_&_Chen,_1974-15] 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Pang & Chen, 1974的參考文獻提供內容

[NZ-16] Description of three new Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) from New Zealand and their relationship to new world species. [2018-06-20]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-20）（英語）.

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