驃語
驃語(驃語：
; 緬甸語：ပျူ ဘာသာ, 發音：[pjù bàðà])是一種已經滅絕的漢藏語系語言。該語言是驃國諸城邦之間的本土語言，在公元前2世紀至公元後9世紀期間蓬勃發展。9世紀末期，緬族自南詔遷移來以後，驃語的使用者人數開始下降。至12世紀末期，驃語仍然被使用，至少驃文在蒲甘王國的碑銘中仍被使用。13世紀的時候，因為使用緬甸語的蒲甘王國在上緬甸崛起，驃語最終滅絕。
| 驃語 | |
|---|---|
 驃文字母 | |
| 區域 | 驃國、蒲甘王國 |
| 滅亡 | 13世紀 |
| 語系 | |
| 文字 | 驃文 |
| 語言代碼 | |
| ISO 639-3 | pyx |
| 語言學家列表 | pyx |
| Glottolog | burm1262[1] |
系屬分類
Blagden (1911: 382)是首先識別出驃語屬於漢藏語系的學者。[2]:365‒388三宅英雄 (2021)認為驃語因為其音韻和詞彙特色在漢藏語系下自成一支。驃語已經幾乎將原始漢藏語的形態盡數丟失。[3][4]
驃語被馬提索夫臨時地歸入緬彝語群，大衛·布拉德利則認為它最接近盧伊語支，三宅英雄稍後發現兩種假說都似是而非。無我也將驃語暫時劃為漢藏語系下獨立一支。[5]
音系
- (C.)CV(C)(H)
- (聲母前音)+音節
有7個元音。[3]
| 前 | 中 | 後 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 高 | i | u | |
| 中 | e | ə | o |
| 低 | æ | a |
三宅英雄構擬了43-44個聲母，具體數字取決於如何分析聲門塞音。創新的聲母有：[3]
- 擦音：/h ɣ ç ʝ ð v/
- 流音：/R̥ R L̥ L/
- 內爆音：/ɓ/
驃文碑刻列表
| 位置 | 序列號 |
|---|---|
| Halin | 01[6] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 04[7] |
| Pagan | 07[8] |
| Pagan | 08[9] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 10[10] |
| Pagan | 11[11] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 12[12] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 22[13] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 25[14] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 28[15] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 29[16] |
| Myittha | 32[17] |
| Myittha | 39[18] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 42[19] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 55[20] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 56[21] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 57[22] |
| Halin | 60[23] |
| Halin | 61[24] |
| ??? | 63[25] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 105[26] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 160[27] |
| ??? | 163[28] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 164[29] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 167[30] |
詞彙
| 詞義 | Luce (1985)[31]:66–69 | Miyake (2016)[32] | Miyake (2021)[3] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | tå | ta(k·)ṁ | /tæk/ |
| 2 | hni° | kni | |
| 3 | ho:, hau: | hoḥ | /n.homH/ < *n.sumH < *məsumH |
| 4 | pḷå | plaṁ | |
| 5 | pi°ŋa | (piṁ/miṁ) ṅa | /pəŋa/ |
| 6 | tru | tru(k·?) | |
| 7 | kni | hni(t·?)ṁ | |
| 8 | hrå | hra(t·)ṁ | |
| 9 | tko | tko | /t.ko/ |
| 10 | sū, sau | su | |
| 20 | tpū | ||
| 骨、遺蹟 | ru | ||
| 水 | tdu̱- | /t.du/ | |
| 金 | tha | ||
| 一天 | phru̱ | ||
| 口 | de [ḷe ?] | ||
| 年 | sni: | ||
| 村 | o | ||
| 好 | ha | ||
| 生病 | hni°: | ||
| 接近 | mtu | ||
| 名 | mi | /r.miŋ/ | |
| 我 | ga°: | ||
| 我的 | gi | ||
| 妻 | maya: | ||
| 配偶、妻子 | [u] vo̱: | ||
| 子 | sa: | /saH/ | |
| 孫子 | pli, pli° | ||
| 給 | /pæH/ |
音變
用途
驃語曾是驃族城邦的本土語言。梵語和巴利語在這一地區也曾通行過。中國史書記錄了800至802年間從驃國來的35名樂師以梵語奏樂演唱。[33][34]:35–36[35]
| 驃巴利 | 緬巴利 | 泰巴利 | 翻譯 |
|---|---|---|---|
 (6世紀驃文) |
ဣတိပိ သော ဘဂဝါ အရဟံ သမ္မာသမ္ဗုဒ္ဓော ဝိဇ္ဇာစရဏသမ္ပန္နော သုဂတော လောကဝိဒူ |
อิติปิโส ภะคะวา อะระหัง สัมมาสัมพุทโธ อะนุตตะโร ปุริสะทัมมะสารถิ สัตถาเทวะมะนุสสานัง | 由於這些原因，即先前獲得的美德，佛陀被稱為尊者。 |
|
အနုတ္တရော ပုရိသဒမ္မ သာရထိ သတ္ထာ ဒေဝမနုသာနံ ဗုဒ္ဓေါ ဘဂဝါတိ | อะนุตตะโร ปุริสะทัมมะสารถิ สัตถาเทวะมะนุสสานัง พุทโธ ภะคะวาติ | 真實而完美的開悟者，一個被賦予知識和行為的人，一個快樂的人。一個了解宇宙的人，一個卓越的人，一個人類任性的激情的使者，一個眾神和人類的主宰，一個受祝福的佛陀。 |
注釋
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Burma Pyu. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Blagden, C. O. 1911. A preliminary study of the fourth text of the Myazedi inscriptions. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 43(2).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Miyake, Marc. 2021. The prehistory of Pyu （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. SEALS 2021 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. (Video （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）)
- ^ Miyake, Marc. The Pyu Language of Ancient Burma. Beyond Boundaries 6. De Gruyter. 2021 [2021-07-04]. ISBN 9783110656442. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-08）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- ^ van Driem, George. Trans-Himalayan Database. [7 November 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2013-04-12）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU001) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579711
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU004) around a funerary urn held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581381
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU007) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda in Pagan [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579873
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU008) held at the Pagan museum, originally found in the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/10.5281/zenodo.580158
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU010) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580597
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a bilingual Pyu inscription (PYU011) held at the Pagan museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580282
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Sanskrit-Pyu bilingual inscription (PYU012) around the base of a Buddha statue held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581383
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU022) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581468
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU025) on the base of a funerary urn held at the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580777
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU028) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580791
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU029) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581217
- ^ Miles, James, & Hill, Nathan W. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU032) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a pagoda in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579848
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU039) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a monastery in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579725
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU042) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581251
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU055) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806133
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU056) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806148
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU057) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806163
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU060) kept in the inscription shed outside the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579695
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU061) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579710
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU063) held at the National Museum (Burmese: အမျိုးသား ပြတိုက်) in Rangoon [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/ （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） doi:10.5281/zenodo.806174
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription on a gold ring (PYU105) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806168
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU160) discovered in Śrī Kṣetra [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823725
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU163) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825673
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU164) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825685
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU167) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823753
- ^ Luce, George. 1985. Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma: languages and history (volume 2). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-713595-1.
- ^ Miyake, Marc. 2016. Pyu numerals in comparative perspective （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Presentation given at SEALS 26.
- ^ 《唐會要》卷三十三：「驃國樂，貞元十八年（802年）正月，驃國王來獻」。
《新唐書·驃國傳》：「貞元中，王雍羌聞南詔歸唐，有內附心，異牟尋遣使楊加明詣劍南西川節度使韋皋請獻夷中歌曲，且令驃國進樂人。於是皋作《南詔奉聖樂》，用正律黃鐘之均……凡曲名十有二：一曰《佛印》，驃雲《沒馱彌》，國人及天竺歌以事王也。二曰《贊娑羅花》，驃雲《嚨莽第》，國人以花為衣服，能淨其身也。三曰《白鴿》，驃雲《都》，美其飛止遂情也。四曰《白鶴游》，驃雲《蘇謾底哩》，謂翔則摩空，行則徐步也。五曰《斗羊勝》，膘雲《來乃》。昔有人見二羊斗海岸，強者則見，弱者入山，時人謂之「來乃」。來乃者，勝勢也。六曰《龍首獨琴》，驃雲《彌思彌》，此一弦而五音備，象王一德以畜萬邦也。七曰《禪定》，驃雲《掣覽詩》，謂離俗寂靜也。七曲唱舞，皆律應黃鐘商。八曰《革蔗王》，驃雲《遏思略》，謂佛教民如蔗之甘，皆悅其味也。九曰《孔雀王》，驃雲《桃台》，謂毛採光華也。十曰《野鵝》，謂飛止必雙，徒侶畢會也。十一曰《宴樂》，驃雲《籠聰網摩》，謂時康宴會嘉也。十二曰《滌煩》，亦白《笙舞》，驃雲《扈那》，謂時滌煩暋，以此適情也。」 - ^ Aung-Thwin.
- ^ 甘紹研. 骠国献乐：唐代中外文化交流的一次盛典. 《今日民族》全國百種重點社科期刊. 今日民族. [2024-10-26].
參考
- Aung-Thwin, Michael. The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma illustrated. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8248-2886-8.
- Harvey, G. E. History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 1925.
- Htin Aung, Maung. A History of Burma
. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. 1967.
閱讀更多
- Blagden, C. Otto. A preliminary study of the fourth text of the Myazedi inscriptions. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 1911, 43 (2): 365–388. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00041526.
- Griffiths, Arlo; Hudson, Bob; Miyake, Marc; Wheatley, Julian K. Studies in Pyu Epigraphy, I: State of the Field, Edition and Analysis of the Kan Wet Khaung Mound Inscription, and Inventory of the Corpus. Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 2017, 103: 43–205. doi:10.3406/befeo.2017.6247
. - Shafer, Robert. Further analysis of the Pyu inscriptions. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 1943, 7 (4): 313–366. JSTOR 2717831. doi:10.2307/2717831.
- Miyake, Marc. Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes. Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 2018, 11 (1–2): 37–76. doi:10.1163/2405478X-01101008 .
- Miyake, Marc. A first look at Pyu grammar. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 2019, 42 (2): 150–221. doi:10.1075/ltba.18013.miy.
- Miyake, Marc. The Pyu Language of Ancient Burma. Beyond Boundaries 6. De Gruyter. 2021 [2021-07-04]. ISBN 9783110656442. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-08）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Griffiths, Arlo, Marc Miyake & Julian K. Wheatley. 2021. Corpus of Pyu inscriptions （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.
外部連結
- The Pre-History of Pyu, Marc Miyake （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Searchable corpus of Pyu inscriptions （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Datasets for Pyu inscriptions （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, photographed by James Miles