佛教哲學

佛教哲學（英文：Buddhist philosophy）是指在佛陀死亡（parinirvana）之後，印度各佛教流派之間發展起來的哲學研究和探究體系，後來傳播到整個亞洲。佛教之路結合了哲學推理和冥想。^[1] 佛教的傳統為佛教的解放提供了多種途徑，印度和隨後的東亞的佛教思想家在分析這些途徑時涵蓋了諸如現象學，倫理學，本體論，認識論，邏輯和時間哲學之類的話題。

早期佛教是基於意識器官獲得經驗證據^[2] ，佛陀似乎對某些形而上學問題持懷疑態度，認為它們不利於宗教自由，反而導致了進一步的推測，所以拒絕回答這些問題。佛教哲學中一個經常出現的主題是概念的具體化，以及隨後回到佛教中間道路。^[3] 佛教哲學的特殊之處常常是佛教不同流派之間爭論的主題，這些細節和爭執引起了早期佛教的分化出各種流派。

佛教哲學採用類似於形而上學的認識論基礎，提取和分析佛教中的哲學觀點。這些觀點可能歸類於現象學、倫理學、本體論、認識論與邏輯等等。佛教是有神論宗教^[4]，信仰鬼神和神聖的文本等超自然的信息來源，但佛教哲學採用科學事業相同的自然的理性推理，並接受相同的評估和批評方法，避免吸引超自然的信息來源。

哲學取向

哲學研究本身是理性化的批判性思維過程，而宗教是建立在啟示和既定教條的基礎上的，所以哲學和宗教的可共存性受到質疑。但是，佛教經文中確實有一些具有哲學特徵的質問(命題)和著作。在佛教哲學中，這些命題需要以自然的方式加以證明，並且他使用了以經驗為條件的反思-並運用了理性, 避免超自然的信息來源（神聖的文本，神學的揭示，信條權威，直接的超自然交流)。佛教哲學的哲學起點是邏輯，並不排除佛教神學中的理性和自然的信息來源部分。儘管任何宗教教哲學中神學學說與哲學反思之間存在某種聯繫，但其哲學反思是嚴格理性化的，從這兩個學科的角度來看，如果論證的前提至少之一是從啟示中獲得的，那麼論證就屬於神學領域；否則，它將落入哲學領域。^[5]^[6]^[7]。

參見

佛教與西方哲學（英語：Buddhism and Western philosophy）
佛教與心理學（英語：Buddhism and psychology）
佛教與科學（英語：Buddhism and science）
皮浪主義與佛教相似之處（英語：Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism）
形而上學
哲學史
佛教歷史
哲學
佛教
佛經
對佛教的批判
佛教相關主題列表
因明學（佛教邏輯學和認識論）
五明

參考資料

^ Siderits, Mark. Buddhism as philosophy, 2007, p. 6
^ David Kalupahana, Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism. The University Press of Hawaii, 1975, p. 70.
^ David Kalupahana, Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna. Motilal Banarsidass, 2006, p. 1.
^ {{cite web|title=Budda, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://iep.utm.edu/buddha （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
^ Coseru, Christian, "Mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). [2021-03-24]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-06）.
^ Murray, Michael J. and Michael Rea, "Philosophy and Christian Theology", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). [2021-03-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-01）. On this way of seeing the two disciplines, if at least one of the premises of an argument is derived from revelation, the argument falls in the domain of theology; otherwise it falls into philosophy's domain. Since this way of thinking about philosophy and theology sharply demarcates the disciplines, it is possible in principle that the conclusions reached by one might be contradicted by the other.
^ Peter van Inwagen. metaphysics (4th ed.) Publisher: Taylor and Francis; ISBN 9780429963575. May 2018. metaphysics must be distinguished from sacred or revealed theology. Theology is, by definition, the science or study of God. Theology partly overlaps metaphysics. What is common to theology and metaphysics is usually called philosophical, or natural, theology. It is the remaining part of theology that is called sacred, or revealed, theology.

[Siderits,_Mark_2007,_page_6-1] Siderits, Mark. Buddhism as philosophy, 2007, p. 6

[2] David Kalupahana, Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism. The University Press of Hawaii, 1975, p. 70.

[3] David Kalupahana, Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna. Motilal Banarsidass, 2006, p. 1.

[Budda-4] {{cite web|title=Budda, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://iep.utm.edu/buddha （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[SEP_BuddhistPhilosophy-5] Coseru, Christian, "Mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). [2021-03-24]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-06）.

[SEP_ChristianPhilosophy-6] Murray, Michael J. and Michael Rea, "Philosophy and Christian Theology", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). [2021-03-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-01）. On this way of seeing the two disciplines, if at least one of the premises of an argument is derived from revelation, the argument falls in the domain of theology; otherwise it falls into philosophy's domain. Since this way of thinking about philosophy and theology sharply demarcates the disciplines, it is possible in principle that the conclusions reached by one might be contradicted by the other.

[Inwagen-7] Peter van Inwagen. metaphysics (4th ed.) Publisher: Taylor and Francis; ISBN 9780429963575. May 2018. metaphysics must be distinguished from sacred or revealed theology. Theology is, by definition, the science or study of God. Theology partly overlaps metaphysics. What is common to theology and metaphysics is usually called philosophical, or natural, theology. It is the remaining part of theology that is called sacred, or revealed, theology.

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